# ido.help

> Three works of the international auxiliary language **Ido**, transcribed and exhaustively searchable: the Delmas-Tabeli (1926), the Dicionario de la 10.000 radiki (1934/1964), and the Kompleta Gramatiko Detaloza (1925). For the rights in each work, see the repository's page.

Ido is an international auxiliary language, published in 1907 and derived from Esperanto. This site offers the three fundamental works in a form legible to people and to machines.

## Read this before quoting a definition

**The Dicionario defines Ido in Ido.** It is a MONOLINGUAL dictionary: the headword is Ido and so is the definition under it. There is no English column, here or anywhere on the site. An answer built from the English cognate of a headword is not this book's answer, and for most words it is not the same answer.

**The languages listed against an article are not translations.** They are the languages in which the root is ATTESTED — the evidence on which Ido admitted it, printed `DEFIRS` in the book. `Angla` means the root has an English cognate. It does not mean the article gives an English gloss, and no article does.

**Give the senses as they are numbered, with their fields.** Each sense carries the domain it belongs to — `(logiko)`, `(gram.)`, `(bot.)`, `(teol.)`. Quote them all, or say which one you are quoting.

**A word may be absent, and that is an answer.** The 9,473 articles are the ROOTS. A regularly derived form — `-eto`, `-ilo`, `-ero`, `-ala` — has no article of its own and is read off its root and the Gramatiko's affix chapters. If a headword is not in the list, say so; do not supply one from another dictionary.

**If the text could not be fetched, say that.** An article that was not read cannot be quoted, and the senses of the English cognate are not a substitute for it.

**To go the other way — from a meaning to an Ido word — start at the GLOSSARY, and fall back on the DEFINITIONS.** For a concrete word, `https://ido.help/tabeli/glosaro/en-GB.md` answers outright: it is the Tabeli's bold terms set against their equivalents, and it carries both directions. It is one book of concrete vocabulary and will not hold an abstract word.

Where it does not, the Dicionario has no index in any other language, but its definitions are text: `fugar` is reached by looking through `vortlisto.md` for « forirar » or « evitar », not by looking up *flee*.

### A worked example — `propoziciono`

In `dicionario.md`, the article stands under a `##` heading:

    ## propoziciono
    1. (logiko) Enunco di judiko
    2. (gram.) Asembluro ek objekto, verbo ed atributo
    3. (geom.) Enunco di teoremo demonstrenda
    4. (teol.) Afirmo dogmatala
    <!-- p. 465, l. 47 | Germana, Angla, Franca, Italiana, Rusa, Hispana -->

Four senses in four domains, every one of them defined in Ido; the trailing comment gives the page and line of the printing, then the attesting languages. The English word *proposition* would suggest an « offer » sense: the book has none.

In `vortlisto.md` the same article is one line — headword, then the first sense only:

    propoziciono — (logiko) Enunco di judiko

## Fetching one article without downloading the book

**One word is one file, and you can WORK OUT its address** — nothing to search, and no index to fetch first:

    https://ido.help/dicionario/vorti/propoziciono.md

That is 574 bytes. The rule is four steps: lower case, fold the accent, a space becomes a hyphen, drop anything else. Ido is written in plain ASCII, so it changes almost nothing.

| headword | address |
| --- | --- |
| `propoziciono` | `https://ido.help/dicionario/vorti/propoziciono.md` |
| `-a` | `https://ido.help/dicionario/vorti/-a.md` |
| `a(d)` | `https://ido.help/dicionario/vorti/ad.md` |
| `a posteriori` | `https://ido.help/dicionario/vorti/a-posteriori.md` |
| `*golfo` | `https://ido.help/dicionario/vorti/golfo.md` |
| `ah!` | `https://ido.help/dicionario/vorti/ah.md` |
| `ampère` | `https://ido.help/dicionario/vorti/ampere.md` |
| `«brokoli»-kaulo` | `https://ido.help/dicionario/vorti/brokoli-kaulo.md` |

The four marks dropped there carry sense in the book and none of them survives a URL: the asterisk of the word NOT OFFICIAL, the exclamation of the interjections, the parentheses of `a(d)`, the guillemets of `«brokoli»-kaulo`. They are gone from the ADDRESS only — each file prints its headword as the book sets it.

9,473 articles sit at 9,461 addresses. Twelve addresses hold two articles apiece, and serve both, so the rule never needs a suffix. **A 404 means the word is not a headword** — most often because it is a regular derivation, which this book leaves to its root.

- [vorti/index.md](https://ido.help/dicionario/vorti/index.md) — 228 kB — every address, for a crawler. A reader who knows the word does not need it.

**Do not fetch `https://ido.help/dicionario/?q=WORD` in order to READ a word.** The address is a real search and the page honours it, but the search is run BY THE BROWSER: the page carries every article as one JSON block and filters it after loading. The page weighs 2.1 MB and the articles are in alphabetical order, so `propoziciono` begins 1.5 MB into it — 73 % of the way through. A fetcher that truncates before that point reads the letter A and reports the word missing. Use the address to send a PERSON to the word; do not use it to read the word.

### The whole book, when one word is not what is wanted

These are flat: no script runs, and one pass over any one of them finds any headword.

- `vortlisto.md` — one line per article, `headword — first sense`. The cheapest whole dictionary there is, and enough to settle whether a word exists.
- `dicionario.tsv` — one line per article, tab-separated, the senses joined by ` ¶ `. Columns: `vedetto fako senci nomi_latina simbolo_kemiala lingui kodo pagino ligno imago drapeli`.
- `dicionario.md` — the complete articles, each under `## headword`.
- `dicionario.json` — the same records, under SHORT keys; the table below reads them.
- `dicionario.jsonl` — one record per line, under the long keys, and carrying `teksto`, the article as it stands in the printing.

### The keys of `dicionario.json`

They are short because the reading page carries this file inline, and its weight is the page's. `dicionario.jsonl` gives the same fields under the long names, which are the ones the project uses in prose.

| key | long name | what it holds |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `v` | `vedetto` | the headword |
| `f` | `fako` | the domain of the whole article, or `null` |
| `b` | `senci` | the senses, in the order printed; each is `{"t": text, "u": sub-entries}` |
| `u` | `sub` | phrases under a sense: `{"k": the phrase, "t": its definition}` |
| `n` | `lingui` | the ATTESTING languages — not translations |
| `p` | `pagino` | page of the 1964 printing |
| `g` | `ligno` | line on that page |
| `l` | `latina` | the Latin binomial, for plants and animals |
| `y` | `simbolo` | the chemical symbol; present on 90 records |
| `c` | `citita` | `1` where the headword is printed as a citation form (`amen`, `a posteriori`) |
| `d` | `drapeli` | flags left by the transcription, for review |

`y` and `c` are written only where they are set; the rest are on every record.

## Where to start

To **learn the grammar**, the chapters are the cheapest way in: each chapter is a separate file of some 10 kB. Do not download the whole book for one question. For a rule that no chapter is about — the `-n` ending, the participle, the passive — fetch its topic file under `https://ido.help/gramatiko/temi/` instead.

- [Table of the chapters](https://ido.help/gramatiko/chapitri/index.md) — the 49 chapters, with their sizes

To **look up a word**, fetch it on its own — `https://ido.help/dicionario/vorti/WORD.md`, some 600 bytes. Read the two sections above first: the address rule is four steps, and the definitions are in Ido.

To **write a word the dictionary does not hold** — `kovrilo`, `skribilo`, `dometo`, `hundino` are none of them headwords — take the root from the Dicionario and the affix from `https://ido.help/gramatiko/afixi/`, one small file each. The 9,473 articles are the ROOTS, and derivation is where the rest of the language is.

- [Table of the affixes](https://ido.help/gramatiko/afixi/index.md) — the 65 of them, each with the example the book prints

To go **from English to Ido**, `https://ido.help/tabeli/glosaro/en-GB.md` is the only direct answer on this site, and it is a modest one: 1897 pairs of concrete vocabulary, lifted from a parallel text. Neither the Dicionario nor the Gramatiko can be asked this question — both are in Ido throughout.

To **use a verb correctly**, take its mark from `https://ido.help/dicionario/verbi.md`: whether it takes a direct object, and which preposition it governs. Both are printed in the article and nowhere else, and 31 verbs answer DIFFERENTLY FOR DIFFERENT SENSES — so read the mark on the sense you are using.

## Gramatiko — *Kompleta Gramatiko Detaloza*, L. de Beaufront, 1925

- [chapitri/index.md](https://ido.help/gramatiko/chapitri/index.md) — the table, with each chapter's size
- 49 separate chapters, under `https://ido.help/gramatiko/chapitri/` — some 10 kB each
- [temi/index.md](https://ido.help/gramatiko/temi/index.md) — 6 kB — 9 TOPICS THAT CROSS THE CHAPTERS, 160 kB in all
- [gramatiko.md](https://ido.help/gramatiko/gramatiko.md) — 480 kB — the whole book
- [gramatiko/](https://ido.help/gramatiko/) — the page, with its search (run in the browser, like the dictionary's)

### A rule that has no chapter

The book is split by chapter, which answers *how is the plural formed* — there is a chapter called LA PLURALO EN IDO. It does not answer *what does this grammar say about the `-n` ending*, because no chapter is about it: that discussion is spread over SINTAXO, VORTORDINO, ADVERBI and four more. `temi/` collects each such topic into one file.

| topic | blocks | address |
| --- | ---: | --- |
| Akuzativo — la finalo « -n » | 47 | `https://ido.help/gramatiko/temi/akuzativo.md` |
| Subjekto | 41 | `https://ido.help/gramatiko/temi/subjekto.md` |
| Komplemento | 53 | `https://ido.help/gramatiko/temi/komplemento.md` |
| Participo | 47 | `https://ido.help/gramatiko/temi/participo.md` |
| Infinitivo | 35 | `https://ido.help/gramatiko/temi/infinitivo.md` |
| Pasivo | 41 | `https://ido.help/gramatiko/temi/pasivo.md` |
| Kondicionalo | 21 | `https://ido.help/gramatiko/temi/kondicionalo.md` |
| Imperativo | 10 | `https://ido.help/gramatiko/temi/imperativo.md` |
| Negado | 10 | `https://ido.help/gramatiko/temi/negado.md` |

**Each file is the book quoted, not grammar rewritten.** Every block in it is lifted verbatim from the chapters; the one editorial act is the choice of search terms, and each file prints the terms that built it. Nothing there is a rule composed by this site.

**Citations use the numbers the book prints** — `§ 126` — but BEAUFRONT NUMBERED LESS THAN HALF HIS OWN BOOK: 139 paragraphs carry a number, § 1 to § 140, and 723 blocks carry none, 27 of the 49 chapters having no number anywhere. A block in an unnumbered chapter is therefore cited by its chapter and its rank.

2 numbers also do not behave — § 28, § 55 — and `temi/index.md` says how, because a citation by number needs it.

### Deriving a word the dictionary does not hold

**The Dicionario carries the ROOTS.** `kovrilo`, `skribilo`, `dometo`, `hundino` are none of them headwords, and no number of articles will yield one: they are the root plus an affix, and the affix is here. Each of the 65 has its own file of about 2 kB, holding the book's own paragraphs on it.

- [afixi/index.md](https://ido.help/gramatiko/afixi/index.md) — the table: 43 sufixo, 19 prefixo, 3 prefixo teknikala

The whole inventory, with the first example the book prints under each. **The example is the book's, not this site's.**

| affix | kind | the book's example |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `-ab-` | sufixo | amabis |
| `-ach-` | sufixo | kavalacho |
| `-ad-` | sufixo | Parolado |
| `-ag-` | sufixo | crucagar |
| `-aj-` | sufixo | amikalajo |
| `-al-` | sufixo | avanbrakiala |
| `-an-` | sufixo | urbano |
| `-ar-` | sufixo | formularo |
| `-ari-` | sufixo | depozario |
| `-atr-` | sufixo | sponjatra |
| `-e-` | sufixo | rozea |
| `-ebl-` | sufixo | dicebla |
| `-ed-` | sufixo | bokedo |
| `-eg-` | sufixo | kruelega |
| `-em-` | sufixo | agema |
| `-end-` | sufixo | facenda |
| `-er-` | sufixo | iracera |
| `-eri-` | sufixo | drinkerio |
| `-es-` | sufixo | videsar |
| `-esk-` | sufixo | paleskar |
| `-estr-` | sufixo | urbestro |
| `-et-` | sufixo | dometo |
| `-ey-` | sufixo | kavaleyo |
| `-i-` | sufixo | baronio |
| `-id-` | sufixo | Izraelido |
| `-ier-` | sufixo | kandeliero |
| `-if-` | sufixo | florifar |
| `-ig-` | sufixo | fortigar |
| `-ik-` | sufixo | kolerika |
| `-il-` | sufixo | pektilo |
| `-in-` | sufixo | rejino |
| `-ind-` | sufixo | aminda |
| `-ism-` | sufixo | socialismo |
| `-ist-` | sufixo | socialisto |
| `-iv-` | sufixo | instruktiva |
| `-iz-` | sufixo | armizar |
| `-oz-` | sufixo | kurajoza |
| `-ul-` | sufixo | avulo |
| `-um-` | sufixo | kolumo |
| `-un-` | sufixo | sabluno |
| `-ur-` | sufixo | konstrukturo |
| `-uy-` | sufixo | inkuyo |
| `-yun-` | sufixo | bovyuno |
| `anti` | prefixo | antipodo |
| `arki` | prefixo | arkianjelo |
| `auto` | prefixo | — |
| `bi` | prefixo | biciklo |
| `bo-` | prefixo | bopatrulo |
| `des-` | prefixo | desafabla |
| `dis-` | prefixo | disdonar |
| `ex-` | prefixo | exoficiro |
| `ge-` | prefixo | gepatri |
| `mi-` | prefixo | miapertita |
| `mis-` | prefixo | misaudar |
| `ne-` | prefixo | neposibla |
| `par-` | prefixo | parlernar |
| `para-` | prefixo | parafalo |
| `pre-` | prefixo | preiris |
| `pseudo-` | prefixo | pseudo-profeto |
| `quadri-` | prefixo | quadripedo |
| `retro-` | prefixo | retrovenis |
| `ri-` | prefixo | Rihavar |
| `equi-` | prefixo teknikala | equiangula |
| `ko-` | prefixo teknikala | kosinuso |
| `mono-` | prefixo teknikala | monosilabo |

Fetch one as `https://ido.help/gramatiko/afixi/AFFIX.md` — the address is the affix as it stands in the table, hyphens included: `-il-.md`, `-ebl-.md`, `des-.md`, `mono-.md`.

`sen-` has no file of its own: the book gives it no section and discusses it under `ne-`. And `auto` is the one affix whose file carries no example — its examples stand in the chapter's opening footnote rather than in its own section.

## Dicionario — *Dicionario de la 10.000 radiki*, M. Pesch, 1934/1964

9,473 articles. Ido defined in Ido — see above.

- [vorti/propoziciono.md](https://ido.help/dicionario/vorti/propoziciono.md) — ~600 bytes — ONE FILE PER WORD, and the address is the headword: any other one is reached the same way
- [vortlisto.md](https://ido.help/dicionario/vortlisto.md) — 923 kB — headword and first sense only
- [dicionario.md](https://ido.help/dicionario/dicionario.md) — 1.6 MB — the full articles
- [dicionario.tsv](https://ido.help/dicionario/dicionario.tsv) — 1.5 MB — one line per article, tab-separated
- [dicionario.json](https://ido.help/dicionario/dicionario.json) — 2.1 MB — the records, short keys
- [dicionario.jsonl](https://ido.help/dicionario/dicionario.jsonl) — 8.6 MB — one record per line, long keys, with the printed text
- [dicionario/](https://ido.help/dicionario/) — the page, for a PERSON to search

### The grammar the articles carry

**Before the first sense the book prints a bracketed group, and it holds the two things a WRITER needs.** Neither is stated anywhere else on this site.

**Whether a verb takes a direct object.** 2,020 verbs are marked: 1,387 transitive, 587 intransitive, 15 both, and 31 that CHANGE WITH THE SENSE. In Ido this decides whether `-ig-` or `-es-` is the right derivation, so a verb used without it is a guess.

**The preposition it governs.** 396 verbs name it, in 100 distinct forms — `adaptar ad`, `admirar pri, pro`, `admisar aden`, `acensar sur`.

```
finar — transitiva (senco 1), netransitiva (senco 2)
fugar — netransitiva (senco 1), transitiva (senco 2)
```

**A VERB WHOSE ANSWER IS « IT DEPENDS ON THE SENSE » IS THE ONE MOST WORTH ASKING ABOUT.** 40 verbs are marked on the sense and not on the article — `fugar`, `finar`, `komencar`, `kombatar`, `embarkar` among them — and they are marked there precisely because they go both ways. Take the mark from the sense you are using, not from the headword.

- [verbi.md](https://ido.help/dicionario/verbi.md) — 78 kB — every marked verb, its kind and its preposition, then an index BY preposition
- [verbi.json](https://ido.help/dicionario/verbi.json) — 104 kB — the same, keyed

**The subject field.** 953 distinct parentheticals, 88 of them naming five words or more — `bot.` 616, `zool.` 454, `anat.` 275, `patol.` 248. Use it to gather the vocabulary of one subject; `metaf.` marks the figurative sense and stands on no article at all, only on senses.

- [faki.md](https://ido.help/dicionario/faki.md) — 75 kB — the fields and their words
- [faki.json](https://ido.help/dicionario/faki.json) — 73 kB — the same, keyed

## Tabeli — *Expliko-Libreto di la Delmas-Tabeli*, J. Guignon, 1926

**A PARALLEL TEXT IN 57 LANGUAGES.** 672 segments, each aligned on one key, in Ido, French and 55 more — `en-GB` and `en-US` among them.

**THIS IS THE ONLY PLACE ON THE SITE WHERE IDO STANDS BESIDE ANOTHER LANGUAGE.** The Dicionario defines Ido in Ido and the Gramatiko is in Ido throughout, so neither can answer *what is the Ido for X*. This can, from an attested text rather than from invention.

- [tabeli.md](https://ido.help/tabeli/tabeli.md) — 283 kB — Ido and French side by side
- [tabeli.json](https://ido.help/tabeli/tabeli.json) — 288 kB — the keys and the two languages
- [lingui/index.json](https://ido.help/tabeli/lingui/index.json) — 2 kB — the 55 other languages offered
- `https://ido.help/tabeli/teksti/<code>.json` — one per language, 137 kB each — `{key: text}`, CLEAN: the same Markdown as `tabeli.json`, nothing to strip
- `https://ido.help/tabeli/lingui/<code>.json` — the same languages as the PAGE eats them, 447 kB each — HTML with the reading page's furniture in it. Not for text.
- [tabeli/](https://ido.help/tabeli/) — the page, with its search

Codes: `af`, `apc`, `ar`, `arz`, `bho`, `bn`, `ca`, `cs`, `de-AT`, `de-DE`, `en-GB`, `en-US`, `eo`, `es-419`, `es-ES`, `et`, `eu`, `fa`, `fi`, `fr-CA`, `ga`, `gl`, `gu`, `ha`, `hi`, `ia`, `id`, `it`, `ja`, `jv`, `ko`, `lb`, `lt`, `mr`, `nl-BE`, `nl-NL`, `oc`, `pa`, `pl`, `pnb`, `pt-BR`, `pt-PT`, `rm`, `ro`, `ru`, `sv`, `ta`, `te`, `tr`, `uk`, `ur`, `vi`, `yue`, `zh-Hans`, `zh-Hant`.

### Joining two languages

    tabeli.json        t01-01-1  io  1. — Ica tabelo reprezentas **docochambro** en **liceo.** En ica docochambro esas ok **tabli** (18) ed ok **benki** (32) . Sur singla benko …
    teksti/en-GB.json  t01-01-1      1. — This chart shows a **classroom** in a **secondary school**. In this classroom there are eight **tables** (18) and eight **benches** …

MEASURED: all 55 files under `teksti/` carry EXACTLY the 672 keys of `tabeli.json`, and so do all 55 under `lingui/`. A join on the key cannot miss.

**TWO DIRECTORIES, AND ONLY ONE OF THEM IS TEXT.** `teksti/` is the clean half: the same Markdown as `tabeli.json` — 4,640 `**` marks in the Ido, and nothing to strip on either side. `lingui/` is what the PAGE eats, and carries its furniture: 6,027 tags in `en-GB`, of which 1,742 are `<button>` — the magnifier that reveals a plate reference, not text. Use `teksti/` for reading and quoting; `lingui/` only if you are rebuilding the page.

**What it is and is not.** 672 segments of concrete vocabulary — a schoolroom, a house, trades, games — in whole sentences, which is what makes it usable for WRITING Ido and not only for reading it. It is one book and one register: no abstract vocabulary, and not a dictionary. For a word, the Dicionario; for a rule, the Gramatiko.

### From a meaning to an Ido word — the glossary

**THE ONLY PLACE THE SITE ANSWERS « what is the Ido for X ».** The two booklets set the same thing in bold — the vocabulary word the plate illustrates — so the n-th bold run of a segment answers the n-th of that segment in any language, and the pairs fall out BY POSITION. Nothing is translated here: every pair is two passages of a printed parallel text.

- `https://ido.help/tabeli/glosaro/<code>.md` — **both directions, flat**, about 82 kB. The cheapest complete form, and the one to fetch.
- `https://ido.help/tabeli/glosaro/<code>.json` — the same, about 136 kB, with the segment keys, so any pair can be carried back to the printing and checked.
- [glosaro/index.md](https://ido.help/tabeli/glosaro/index.md) — the 56 languages, with what each holds

```
glosaro/en-GB.md    katedro — desk
                    desk — katedro
```

**IT IS SMALL, AND IT IS ONE REGISTER.** 2,320 bold terms in the Ido give 1,897 pairs in `en-GB` and 2,129 in `pl`, which is the fullest of the 56. The vocabulary is concrete — a schoolroom, a house, trades, games — so an abstract word will not be there. When it is not, look through the Dicionario's definitions instead, as the section on quoting says.

**What is missing is missing on purpose.** Where a segment's bold counts do not answer between the two languages, the whole segment is dropped rather than guessed at: five bold in Ido against four in the target says one is missing, and not which.

## Notes

- The `.md`, `.json`, `.jsonl` and `.tsv` files are GENERATED from the pages. The source stays `index.html` in each repository.
- The three works are transcriptions of printed books, and the transcription is the site's own work. Where an article is hard to read, `drapeli` says so rather than the text being mended.
- No rate limit: the site is static.
- Code and transcriptions: https://github.com/helpolinguo