{"k":{"t01-apar-0":"EXPLANATORY BOOKLET FOR the Delmas Auxiliary Charts ❦ FIRST SERIES ","t01-apar-1":"CHART No. 1 The School. — The Secondary School. — The Classroom. ","t01-tit-1":"General description.","t01-01-1":"1. — This chart shows a classroom in a secondary school. In this classroom there are eight tables  and eight benches . Three pupils sit on each bench. The teacher  sits on a chair  at his desk .","t01-02-1":"2. — To the left of the desk stands a glass-fronted cabinet . To the right is the blackboard  with the cloth  and the chalk .","t01-02-2":"Above the desk hang wall charts (, , ) and a map .","t01-03-1":"3. — Not all the pupils are in their seats . John  is standing at the board; he is holding the cloth and wiping off the geometrical figures.","t01-03-2":"Peter is near the desk; he is collecting the written exercises  and bringing them to the teacher.","t01-04-1":"4. — This teacher is the teacher of modern languages. He teaches the pupils to speak, read and write foreign languages (German, English, Spanish, Italian, Russian or French).","t01-05-1":"5. — The classroom is very large and very bright. At the far end there is a wide window with two transom windows  and a glazed door to air it and light it.","t01-05-2":"This classroom is not cold. In the middle, to heat it, there is a very good stove  with its pipe .","t01-05-3":"Coat hooks  are fixed to the partition; the pupils’ hats and coats hang from them.","t01-tit-2":"The playground.","t01-06-1":"6. — The clock  says five past nine.","t01-06-2":"Break  has just ended and the lesson is starting again. Break is held in the yard . We can see a few pupils playing. An assistant master  is supervising them.","t01-07-1":"7. — In the yard we can also see various other people: the inspector , the headmaster  and the deputy head .","t01-07-2":"The inspector inspects the schools, the headmaster runs the school, the deputy head oversees the pupils’ work.","t01-07-3":"The fourth figure is the caretaker . He is carrying a register under his arm to record the absentees.","t01-08-1":"8. — At the far end of the yard are the gymnastic apparatus  and the workshop for handicrafts .","t01-08-2":"To the right of the chart we can just make out the classrooms for music and drawing.","t01-tit-3":"Detailed description.","t01-tit-4":"The good pupils.","t01-09-1":"9. — The pupils on the first bench to the right of the desk are Henry , Stephen and Charles.","t01-09-2":"Henry is very attentive and hard-working; he is listening to the teacher. On his table he has an exercise book , a book , a dictionary  and a pencil case . His book has many pages; each chapter contains several paragraphs and each line many words.","t01-09-4":"His neighbour Stephen  is keen. He is writing down in his exercise book the lesson set for next time. He has fine handwriting. His book is closed. We can see only the cover . Beside him lies his pair of compasses .","t01-09-5":"Charles  is holding his book in his hand; he is opening it to go over his lesson again. Like every pupil, he has an inkwell  in front of him. He is obedient.","t01-10-1":"10. — At the next table are Louis, Anthony and Paul. Louis is reciting his lesson  and answering the teacher’s questions. Anthony  is very inattentive; sometimes the teacher even punishes him. Paul  is a good friend, pleasant and obliging. He is very attentive.","t01-tit-5":"The bad pupils.","t01-11-1":"11. — Behind Henry sits George . He is not a bad lad, but he is talkative, inattentive and fidgety. His frivolity and disobedience cause disruption during the lesson, and he often deserves a stern warning. His rough book  is dirty, he covers it with ink blots from his pen , which is why he always uses his eraser ; his satchel  is torn, because he is very careless. Why does he bring his pencil holder  to the modern languages classroom?","t01-11-2":"His neighbour Edmund  does not like him. He is admittedly a little lazy, but he is quiet and still. He does not chatter; only, instead of listening, he prefers to read the stories in his reader.","t01-11-3":"The third pupil on this bench is Ludovic . He is diligent. He is writing on a white sheet of paper. In front of him he has laid his blotting paper .","t01-12-1":"12. — The pupils on the second bench, to the teacher’s left, are very young. The first, little Emil, cannot write well yet; he brings his slate , his slate pencil and his sponge .","t01-12-2":"Next to him are Augustus and Bernard . The latter works well, but his appearance is very untidy.","t01-13-1":"13. — Behind them sit three idlers. Albert does not learn his lessons. James  is asleep instead of listening. His idleness earns him reprimands and even punishments. Lastly Christian  is far too flippant. He behaves badly and makes no effort to mend his ways.","t01-14-1":"14. — Their neighbours, by contrast, are well behaved. Ernest  likes order and regularity; he always uses his ruler  and his pencil . He is a day pupil.","t01-14-2":"Francis  is a boarder; he wears the uniform, and eats and sleeps at the school. He is a good friend.","t01-14-3":"Maurice is sharpening his pencil with his penknife ; he is very careful.","t01-14-4":"He brings all his books, his grammar , his notebook , and even a writing pad . His school bag  is on the floor behind him.","t01-14-5":"The two tables at the back of the classroom are taken by good pupils .","t01-tit-6":"Drawing and music.","t01-15-1":"15. — In the drawing class there are fine models hung on the wall and a lamp  with a shade, hanging from the ceiling. The teacher  is very patient; he corrects the pupils’ drawings  and teaches them to draw a bust  from life.","t01-16-1":"16. — The music room looks very interesting. There you learn to read music, to sight-sing the scale notes  written on the stave (do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si = C. D. E. F. G. A. B.), to recognise the clefs and to sing beautiful melodies. The scores are placed on the music stand . One of the pupils is playing the piano  and the music teacher  is beating time .","t01-17-1":"17. — We can just see a corner of the workshop for handicrafts , where the boys can learn to plane wood and file iron. Not every school has one.","t01-tit-7":"The science room.","t01-18-1":"18. — The mathematics teacher teaches the pupils geometry, arithmetic, calculation and the metric system. On the chart we can see the main geometrical figures: a circle , a square , a triangle , a line .","t01-18-2":"We can also see a sum; it is not an addition, nor a subtraction, nor a multiplication: it is a division .","t01-19-1":"19. — On the metric system chart we can see: a metre , a balance and its weights, a litre , a decalitre , a decilitre and a cubic metre .","t01-19-2":"The pupils also study natural science  — zoology , botany , geology — and history .","t01-19-3":"In the cabinet are the instruments for physics  and for chemistry .","t01-19-4":"On top of the cabinet are: a sphere , a cone and a globe .","t01-19-5":"Above the charts hangs a map showing the five parts of the world: Europe , Asia , Africa , America () and Oceania , and the two great oceans, the Pacific and the Atlantic . ","t02-apar-1":"CHART No. 2 The Human Body. — Break. — Games.","t02-tit-0":"The Human Body. (A simple natural science lesson.)","t02-01-1":"1. — The main parts of the human body are: the head, the trunk and the limbs.","t02-tit-1":"The Head.","t02-02-1":"2. — The head has two parts: the skull, which holds the brain and is covered by the hair, and the face.","t02-03-1":"3. — In our drawing we can see neither the skull nor the brain; but we can see the important parts of the face very clearly.","t02-04-1":"4. — First comes the forehead, which suggests a powerful intellect and a mind always at work. The temples are very open. The eye is lively and wide open. A thick eyebrow and long eyelashes shield it.","t02-05-1":"5. — Then come the nose and the nostrils. We use the nose to smell and to breathe. On either side of the nose are the cheeks, and further out the ears. The lower part of the face consists of the mouth and the chin.","t02-06-1":"6. — We cannot see them very well, because the moustache and the beard hide them from us. But we know that the mouth has the two lips, the upper jaw and the lower jaw with their teeth, and the tongue. With the mouth we speak and eat. With the tongue we taste our food.","t02-07-1":"7. — The eye, the ear, the nose and the mouth are, together with the fingers, the organs of the five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch.","t02-08-1":"8. — The head is therefore one of the most interesting parts of the human body.","t02-tit-2":"The Trunk.","t02-09-1":"9. — The neck joins the head to the trunk. It includes the throat and the nape.","t02-10-1":"10. — The trunk also holds many essential organs. In the chest are the lungs, with which we breathe, and the heart, which is the centre of life. When the heart stops beating, the living creature dies.","t02-11-1":"11. — The ribs support the chest.","t02-12-1":"12. — The other parts of the trunk are the side, the back, the shoulders and the abdomen (belly). We lie on our side or on our back to sleep, and we carry loads on our shoulder.","t02-13-1":"13. — In the abdomen are the stomach and the intestines. They are what digests our food.","t02-tit-3":"The Limbs.","t02-14-1":"14. — We have four limbs: two arms and two legs. With our arms we take, hold, lift and gather up objects; with our legs we stand, walk and run.","t02-15-1":"15. — The shoulder joins the arm to the body. A very sturdy muscle, the biceps, moves the arm, which the elbow joins to the forearm. The wrist forms the joint of the hand, which ends in the fingers and the nails. On the hand we can make out a vein (and an artery) in which the blood flows.","t02-16-1":"16. — The parts of the leg are: the thigh, the knee and the back of the knee, the calf, whose flesh is covered by the skin, the ankle and the foot. The bones of the leg are very thick and very strong. At the end of the foot are the toes. The other parts are the sole and the heel.","t02-17-1":"17. — That is a nearly complete description of the human body.","t02-17-2":"Note. — With the help of the phrase “my ... hurts (my head, and so on)”, the teacher can go over this whole vocabulary again from the point of view of good or bad bodily health.","t02-tit-4":"Gymnastics. (Told by one of the pupils.)","t02-18-1":"18. — To be supple, nimble and healthy, we must exercise our legs and our arms. That is why we play games and do gymnastics.","t02-19-1":"19. — During the week these two exercises take place in the school yard (see chart No. 1). But on Thursdays and Sundays we go out to a large lawn, where we have room to run and enjoy ourselves.","t02-20-1":"20. — Our teachers and our parents sometimes come with us; but it is the gymnastics teacher  who directs the exercises.","t02-21-1":"21. — On the lawn, to the left of the entrance, stands the gymnastic apparatus : we climb the ladder , we swing upside down on the rings  and on the trapeze , we haul ourselves up hand over hand to the top of the rope ladder  or of the knotted rope .","t02-22-1":"22. — Meanwhile our friends are vaulting over the wooden horse  or the parallel bars . Others are boxing  or fencing  with a mask and a foil. Others, finally, are lifting dumbbells .","t02-tit-5":"Games.","t02-23-1":"23. — Around the gymnasts, boys and girls are playing various games. The girls are playing with their hoop ; they skip , or invite their brothers and cousins to a game of croquet . They love knocking their opponent’s ball away with their wooden mallet, just when he thinks he is going straight through the hoop!","t02-24-1":"24. — The boys prefer more strenuous games. They gladly play skittles , which they knock down neatly with the ball . They do not turn up their noses at the spinning top  and cup-and-ball , or even toad in the hole . But their favourite games are marbles  and fives , because the wall of the greenhouse  is just right for bouncing the light ball off.","t02-25-1":"25. — Little John, up on his stilts , is very skilful and keeps his balance very well. Near him, a few friends are playing hide-and-seek  in that greenhouse and behind the hedge. Others prefer hot cockles  or shuttlecock , which flits from one racket to the other.","t02-26-1":"26. — In the middle of the lawn there are two trees. At the foot of one of them, seven or eight boys have started a game of shoulder-leap  . This game is not known in every country; but everyone knows what leapfrog is, which the children are not playing just now.","t02-tit-6":"Games in the open air.","t02-27-1":"27. — Blind man’s buff  is also great fun; girls and boys take turns to put the blindfold over their eyes and catch the clumsy ones who let themselves be caught.","t02-28-1":"28. — In the middle of the lawn, here is a very French game, though a somewhat rough one: it is the bear , far noisier than the peaceful game of the kite  or even than the English game of tennis .","t02-29-1":"29. — That last sport is what the older pupils love best. Even our teachers are happy to join in. It calls for real skill and agility, and I love it. I leave the swing  to the girls.","t02-30-1":"30. — I am not keen on another English game that could easily turn dangerous.","t02-30-1b":"I mean football , which my older brother loves. I prefer our old game of prisoner’s base , just as healthy and far less brutal.","t02-tit-7":"Cycling and ball games.","t02-31-1":"31. — I also love riding round the lawn on a bicycle .","t02-32-1":"32. — Next year I am going to learn to ride . A horse is such a fine sight when it steps or trots gracefully, and clears the obstacles at a gallop!","t02-33-1":"33. — In summer we learn to swim . We dive and bathe with delight in the clear, cool water of the river. Sometimes, at the end, we send up a paper balloon , which rises majestically into the air as soon as it is filled with hot air.","t02-34-1":"34. — There are many other games as well, but I would never get to the end of the list, and you can see from this short account that Thursdays on our lawn are anything but dull.","t02-34-2":"N.B. — The teacher will easily fill out this chapter by describing each of the more important games in greater detail. ","t03-apar-1":"CHART No. 3 Childhood and Youth.","t03-apar-2":"(Charts 3 and 4 are arranged so as to present, in four family scenes, the essential vocabulary of the weather, age, the family, clothing and health.)","t03-tit-1":"First scene.","t03-tit-2":"A christening in the village.","t03-tit-3":"Spring.","t03-c1-01-1":"1. — We are in spring, in the month of March, April or May, on a day of the week — Monday, Tuesday or Wednesday. It is ten o’clock in the morning.","t03-c1-02-1":"2. — The weather is fine, the air clear. The sun is shining. A few small clouds  are rising in the blue sky .","t03-c1-03-1":"3. — The trees have hardly any leaves. The slender poplars  and the tall plane tree  still bear nothing but buds.","t03-c1-04-1":"4. — The swallows  are back, and they wheel with joyful cries around the spire  of the bell tower  that crowns the village church .","t03-tit-4":"The Church.","t03-c1-05-1":"5. — This church is very plain, with its great doorway  and its big clock . The small hand  is on the figure X: it marks the hours. The big one  is on XII (noon); it marks the minutes.","t03-c1-06-1":"6. — In the tower the bells  are ringing gaily. At the top of the roof stands a small stone cross .","t03-c1-07-1":"7. — The church has not only a great doorway , it also has a small side door. Through this door the parish priest , in his cassock, comes out of the vestry  and makes his way to the presbytery .","t03-c1-08-1":"8. — Next to him is the milkwoman  with her donkey . She is on her way back from town, where she has delivered her good milk for the children.","t03-tit-5":"The orchard.","t03-c1-09-1":"9. — Master Aliboron (the donkey) is quite pleased with this morning run. He breathes in with delight the air scented by the blossom  that covers the fruit trees  of the neighbouring orchard. Those peach trees  and apricot trees  are all pink and white, and they promise a fine crop.","t03-c1-10-1":"10. — Meanwhile the little bees  from the hive  go there to gather their sweet honey, humming as they work.","t03-c1-11-1":"11. — But what is happening? Here come the village children, running up and scattering the frightened geese . It is the procession leaving the church after the christening of the notary’s son.","t03-c1-12-1":"12. — Little James, in his cradle , wakes at the joyful pealing of the bells, and his sister Madeleine, who wants to see the procession too, asks her mother to come and comb her hair and dress her on the doorstep.","t03-c1-13-1":"13. — Her mother agrees. She puts on her headscarf , her bodice  and her apron , and comes and sits on a little chair in front of the door. Madeleine has only her petticoat  and her bodice .","t03-c1-14-1":"14. — How happy she is! She forgets her favourite flowers, her carnations , where the butterflies  settle, her tulips , her lilies of the valley  in their pots  on the wall , and her roses  that make such a fine hedge. She is gazing at the rich clothes of the ladies in the procession.","t03-c1-15-1":"15. — The village boys pay little attention to the clothes. They rush forward and jostle one another to get sweets  or coins . One of them is crying .","t03-c1-16-1":"16. — Another has trodden on the paw of the dog , which runs off yelping and puts to flight the hen  and her chicks .","t03-tit-6":"The christening procession.","t03-c1-17-1":"17. — At the head of the procession walks the nurse . She has a fine bonnet  with long ribbons. She is carrying the newborn baby , all dressed in lace .","t03-c1-18-1":"18. — Behind the nurse come the godfather  and the godmother . They are handing out the sweets and the coins. The godfather has gloves  and a top hat . The godmother is holding a fine bouquet  in her hand.","t03-c1-19-1":"19. — Behind them we can see the child’s uncle  and aunt . The aunt has an elegant hat , the uncle a black frock coat  and a white waistcoat. Next come the cousin  and his cousin . The latter is holding by the hand the newborn baby’s sister , little Bertha.","t03-c1-20-1":"20. — Bertha’s other brother  walks behind. He is giving his hand to a relative . The family’s friends  come after them.","t03-tit-7":"The onlookers.","t03-c1-21-1":"21. — Near the procession, a beggar  is leaning on his crutch . He is asking for money.","t03-c1-22-1":"22. — On the other side is a very polite  little boy. He raises his cap and wishes “good morning” to the people he knows.","t03-c1-23-1":"23. — The villagers have come out of their houses to watch the christening procession go by. We can see a countryman  with his cotton cap and beside him a countrywoman . Then an old woman  leaning on her stick . Lastly the miller  with his broad felt hat , and a young countrywoman in clogs  teaching her baby to walk.","t03-c1-24-1":"24. — It is a very lively scene.","t03-tit-8":"Second scene.","t03-tit-9":"A public holiday.","t03-tit-10":"Water sports and regatta.","t03-c2-01-1":"1. — Summer has come. The blazing sun of the month of June (July or August) tempts the young people to bathe and to go boating.","t03-c2-02-1":"2. — On the right bank of the river, the oarsmen are undressing to take part in the water sports and the regatta.","t03-c2-03-1":"3. — One of them is taking off his shoes ; he is unlacing (unbuttoning) them. His two friends are already done. They now have nothing on but their jersey  and bathing trunks . They are chatting as they wait for their friends. They are talking about the fair and the festival being held on the other bank.","t03-c2-04-1":"4. — On the ground near them lie their friends’ clothes: a pair of boots , shoes , socks , felt  and straw  hats and a tie .","t03-c2-05-1":"5. — One of the young men has carefully folded his jacket . He is laying it on a towel, in which his neighbour will shortly wrap up both their suits.","t03-c2-06-1":"6. — A sixth boy is running late. He still has his cap  on his head. He has taken off neither his shirt , nor his collar , nor his cuffs . He is holding his waistcoat  in his hand and still has his trousers  and braces  on. He will certainly not be ready for the next race.","t03-c2-07-1":"7. — Near the young men, a path lined with thistles  leads down to the riverside, where old James is getting ready, among the reeds , the fireworks  that will be set off in the evening.","t03-tit-11":"The race.","t03-c2-08-1":"8. — On the river, a few ladies sheltering under their parasols are out in a rowing boat . They are following the race, which is very exciting. In each skiff , four rowers  are pulling with all their strength, while the coxswain  holds the rudder  and steers the fragile craft. The oars  strike the water in time, and the light boats race along at a dizzying speed.","t03-c2-09-1":"9. — A few young men are competing, near the pier of the bridge, for the prize of the greasy pole . One of them is edging carefully along the springy, slippery pole to reach the little flag  fixed at the end. His luckless rival  has fallen into the water. He is swimming back to shore.","t03-c2-10-1":"10. — Older lads are water-jousting  near the quay . A large crowd  is watching all these games, leaning on the parapet of the bridge  and packed along the bank. A few onlookers, though, are turning round to follow the game of the climbing pole , or to admire the mayoral procession on its way to the prize-giving.","t03-c2-11-1":"11. — First come a few urchins  running ahead of the band ; then come the mayor , his deputies and the town council of the little town. Last of all march the firemen .","t03-tit-12":"The fair.","t03-c2-12-1":"12. — There is a great crowd on the fairground . People come to see the various booths: the merry-go-round , the circus , where the performance has already begun; the public dance , where the young men and women of the town are enjoying themselves dancing.","t03-c2-13-1":"13. — At the far end we can see the arena , where the brave Spanish matador fights the furious bull ; then the roller coaster  and the shooting gallery , where people practise handling firearms and shooting at the target.","t03-c2-14-1":"14. — Close by stands the fairground theatre , where comedy and drama are performed. Very near it stands the booth of the giant  and the dwarf. The height of the first is two metres fifteen; the second is barely as tall as a child.","t03-c2-15-1":"15. — Lastly there is the great menagerie  with its wild animals, its tiger  with its powerful claws, its lion  with its thick mane, its two giraffes  and its elephant , which uses its trunk so cleverly.","t03-c2-16-1":"16. — The tamer  who trains these animals is standing at the door of the booth. ","t04-apar-1":"CHART No. 4 Middle Age and Old Age.","t04-tit-1":"First scene. The Wedding Breakfast.","t04-tit-2":"Autumn.","t04-c1-01-1":"1. — The young people have grown up. One of them, John, is getting married. We are at the wedding breakfast, which brings the families of the bride and groom together around the same table.","t04-c1-02-1":"2. — We are in autumn, in the month of September. The cold wind of October and November has not yet stripped the countryside of its green leaves. The evening air is mild and fragrant; so dinner is being served under the veranda  that opens on to the garden.","t04-c1-03-1":"3. — In the distance, on the hill , stands the home of John’s parents, an elegant country house  hidden in the greenery; fine vineyards, which yield an excellent wine, cover the slope of the hillside. The winegrower looks after them.","t04-c1-04-1":"4. — Above the vines, a covey of partridges  goes by, startled by the approach of the gamekeeper . He, with his gun under his arm and his game bag slung over his shoulder, is beating the bushes  with his dog . He watches over the estate and keeps poachers from destroying the game.","t04-c1-05-1":"5. — A trained vine climbs outside the veranda, with heavy bunches of grapes  hanging from it.","t04-c1-06-1":"6. — The fine autumn flowers that decorate the table  are chrysanthemums ; the bride’s father  has put one in the buttonhole of his tailcoat.","t04-c1-07-1":"7. — The meal is drawing to a close. The servant  is beginning to bring in the dessert dishes and will soon clear away the various parts of the place settings — spoons , forks , knives , serving dishes  — that are no longer needed.","t04-tit-3":"The Family.","t04-c1-08-1":"8. — Everyone looks cheerful, and the smile with which the groom’s mother  watches her children shows how happy she is.","t04-c1-09-1":"9. — This marriage unites two wealthy families of the district. John, the husband , is the son of a great landowner, and he becomes the son-in-law of a successful manufacturer.","t04-c1-10-1":"10. — The couple are young, and yet they have been engaged for a long time. The young wife , Martha, looks charming in her white dress trimmed with orange blossom.","t04-c1-11-1":"11. — Her father-in-law  is delighted to have such a kind daughter-in-law, and John’s mother-in-law  smiles to see her daughter looking so lovely.","t04-c1-12-1":"12. — At the end of the table sit the other guests : relatives, friends, cousins. A head waiter , with his napkin over his arm, is attending to them briskly.","t04-tit-4":"The Friends.","t04-c1-13-1":"13. — On the right-hand side of the table sits a young lady , a friend of the bride, then the bride’s brother, who is her best man . He is chatting with his bridesmaid , the groom’s sister, who by this marriage becomes Martha’s sister-in-law. She is a charming young woman. She has beautiful jewellery, a pearl necklace and a gold bracelet.","t04-c1-14-1":"14. — Near them, the gentleman standing and raising his glass is a friend  of the family. He is one of the groom’s witnesses. He is proposing a toast, drinking to the health of the newly-weds and wishing them long happiness. He is in formal dress: tailcoat and patent leather shoes . He is escorting the grandmother , who is a widow.","t04-c1-15-1":"15. — The young man in the tailcoat , with the thin black moustache, is John’s brother-in-law . He is a distinguished engineer. He is sitting next to a very elegant young lady , Martha’s elder sister and the mother of the sweet little girl who is coming, on her cousin’s arm, to offer a flower and wish her good evening. This lady has very fine earrings and an elegant hairstyle.","t04-c1-16-1":"16. — The little cousin, who looks so odd in his smock  and his baggy breeches , is a boy you cannot help feeling sorry for. He is an orphan . He lost his father and his mother when he was very young. His uncle is his guardian , and stayed single in order to bring the poor child up. He is a kind man. He is rather bald and very short-sighted; he wears pince-nez.","t04-tit-5":"The Dessert.","t04-c1-17-1":"17. — Behind the guests, on a table covered with a tablecloth, the dessert  is laid out. In a large bowl there is fruit: peaches , pears , apples , apricots  and grapes . Beside them, pineapples , a fine cake , bottles of liqueur  and champagne , and stacks of clean plates  as well.","t04-c1-18-1":"18. — The wine waiter  is uncorking a bottle  of old wine with a corkscrew . The cork  seems very hard to draw. This wine waiter has a napkin  over his arm.","t04-c1-19-1":"19. — After dinner the gentlemen will move on to the smoking room, and the ladies will go and get ready for the ball.","t04-tit-6":"Second scene. Grandfather’s Birthday.","t04-tit-7":"The Visit.","t04-c2-01-1":"1. — Ten years have passed. John’s parents have grown old, and they dearly love their three grandchildren, two grandsons  and a granddaughter . As today is grandfather’s birthday, the children have come to wish him a happy birthday.","t04-c2-02-1":"2. — Little Peter is still very young; he is only three. He sees the cat  coming towards him. He wants to stroke its beautiful silky fur and its long tail; it does not occur to him that, under those graceful paws, there are nasty sharp claws that could easily scratch him.","t04-c2-03-1":"3. — His sister Gabrielle, who is holding his hand, is much more serious, and Marcel, with his big overcoat  and leather belt , looks quite the little man, in spite of the short breeches that leave his stockings  showing.","t04-c2-04-1":"4. — Their father has put on his thick winter overcoat  with its fur collar , and in his pocket  he has a scarf. His wife has her felt hat trimmed with feathers , her jacket , her fur boa  and her muff .","t04-c2-05-1":"5. — It is very cold now that winter is here. The snow  has been falling all day and the roofs of the houses are quite white. With night the cold grows sharper still. In the sky, the moon  and the stars  shine and pierce the darkness.","t04-tit-8":"Illness.","t04-c2-06-1":"6. — The poor blind man  crossing the square in front of the chemist’s shop , led by his poodle , is very unfortunate. Justine, the maid , is bringing from the kitchen a bowl  of very hot herbal tea, generously sweetened.","t04-c2-07-1":"7. — Grandmother , who wants to fetch her spectacles  from the table so as to read the prescription  the doctor  has just written, is getting up out of her armchair, leaning on her stick .","t04-c2-08-1":"8. — She often suffers from small ailments, dizzy spells, colds and toothache; her legs are weak and her eyes are no longer very good. All the same, she is glad to tease her old doctor, who always wants to prescribe her a medicine . Today she is very happy to have her young family around her.","t04-c2-09-1":"9. — The room is shut up tight and snug. In the marble fireplace  a splendid fire  is blazing, and it feels good to sit in the soft light of the lamp  that has just been lit.","t04-tit-9":"The Grandfather.","t04-c2-10-1":"10. — Even grandfather  has forgotten that he has been ill, that his rheumatism keeps him fixed in his armchair , and that only yesterday he had a fever and fainting fits. He no longer remembers that last winter he had pneumonia, and that a harsh, painful cough made him suffer a great deal.","t04-c2-10-2":"And yet he had a hard time recovering. He is a little better now. But his leg, which he rests on a cushion  laid on a small stool , still hurts him too.","t04-c2-11-1":"11. — When he is carefully wrapped in his warm dressing gown  with its big mother-of-pearl buttons , and when he has beside him, to read him the paper, the little orphan girl  in her white bonnet, her blue dress  and cape , he does not complain.","t04-c2-12-1":"12. — Every year, when the calendar  brings round the date of the first of December again, he waits impatiently for his grandchildren, because he knows they will not forget that important date.","t04-c2-13-1":"13. — He still remembers fondly the far-off days when he would go himself to wish a happy birthday to the glorious imperial marshal, whose portrait  hangs on the wall, and who is the children’s great-grandfather. ","t05-apar-1":"CHART No. 5 The House and how it is built.","t05-tit-1":"A lucky meeting.","t05-01-1":"John. — Uncle, I would really like to know how a house is built.","t05-01-2":"The Uncle . — That’s easy enough, my boy. Come with me and I’ll show you the one Mr Bernard  is having built, the one I’m going to live in.","t05-01-3":"John. — And who drew the plan  of this house?","t05-01-4":"The Uncle. — The architect ; he drew it up very clearly, it was approved, and the building contractor  started work.","t05-01-5":"John. — And who is the contractor?","t05-01-6":"The Uncle. — Mr White, the father of your friend James. He runs the site along with Mr Roux, the architect.","t05-01-7":"Well, look at that! Here comes Mr White at just the right moment with his rule , and Mr Roux with his plan.","t05-01-8":"Good morning, gentlemen. How are you?","t05-01-9":"Mr Roux. — Very well, thanks. Morning, John — hasn’t he grown!","t05-01-10":"The Uncle. — He has, hasn’t he. He’s quite the little man now. He is very serious; everything he sees has to be explained to him. Today he would like to know how a house is built.","t05-tit-2":"The workmen.","t05-01-11":"Mr White. — Come along with me, then, and I’ll explain it to you right now. I do like children who want to learn.","t05-01-12":"You see that workman with a shovel  in his hand: he is a navvy . He is digging a trench  to lay the water pipe. He also dug out the ground where the house stands, so that the bricklayer could put up the four walls. The part of those walls that is in the ground is called the foundations . The space enclosed by the foundations forms the cellar . This cellar has a small window called an air vent , a door  and a stairway.","t05-01-13":"The bricklayer  went on raising the walls, leaving openings for the doors  and the windows .","t05-01-14":"John. — But I can’t see him, this bricklayer!","t05-01-15":"Mr White. — He has finished working on the house now. He is over by the stable , up on his scaffolding , building the wall of the wash house .","t05-01-16":"He has a trowel, a trough and a plumb line . But you won’t remember those names.","t05-01-17":"John. — Oh yes I will, because I’m going to ask my uncle for a little trowel and a trough, and I’ll make a plumb line myself with a piece of string.","t05-tit-3":"The materials.","t05-01-18":"The Uncle. — Ah, very good. But tell me, John, what do you need to build a house?","t05-01-19":"John. — You need dressed stone  and mortar .","t05-01-20":"The Uncle. — Exactly. Look at that man in the big hat, on his cart . He is a carter . Every day he brings blocks of stone  here. He unloads his cart in the yard, and the stonecutters  dress the blocks and saw them with their stone saw . A labourer  carries them to the bricklayer, who sets them in place.","t05-01-21":"Meanwhile the mortar mixer  is preparing the mortar. He needs sand , lime  and water . The lime is beside him in a sack ; a bricklayer’s mate  brings him the sand in a wheelbarrow , and the apprentice  is at the pump . He is filling a bucket . The mortar will soon be ready. The hod carrier  takes it and carries it up the ladder to the scaffolding, where a bricklayer is finishing that side of the house.","t05-01-22":"And now, what do you call the workman who makes the roof ?","t05-01-23":"John. — He is the roofer .","t05-tit-4":"The roof of the house.","t05-01-24":"Mr White. — Yes, but first comes the carpenter .","t05-01-25":"The carpenter makes the roof frame . He joins the beams  with pegs . Those workmen up there, in their wide velvet breeches, are carpenters. One is holding a small beam and the other is cutting a peg with his axe . The one near the chimney  is the roofer. He nails laths on to the joists , and slates  on to the laths. Sometimes he lays tiles.","t05-01-26":"The roof of the stable is tiled , that of the house is slated , and that of the veranda is of zinc .","t05-01-27":"John. — Does the roofer make the zinc roofs as well?","t05-01-28":"Mr White. — No, that’s the zinc worker  or the plumber, the one setting a dormer window  into the roof of the house. He also lays the roof gutters  and the downpipes . He solders the zinc and the tinplate. He is the one who fixed the lightning conductor  and the weathervane  on the gable .","t05-01-29":"John. — Is the house finished, then?","t05-tit-5":"The tools.","t05-01-30":"Mr White. — Not quite. The plasterer  builds with bricks  the partitions that divide it into the different rooms. He lays plaster  on the ceilings  and on the walls. Just now he is working on the ceiling of the veranda . Like the bricklayer, he has a trowel  and a trough .","t05-01-31":"Then the joiner makes the doors, the windows, the wooden floors  and the shutters .","t05-01-32":"Just now he is working in the yard at his workbench . He has a saw  to cut the wood , a plane , a holdfast , a chisel , a pair of compasses  and a wooden mallet .","t05-01-33":"John. — Oh, but being a joiner is even more fun than being a bricklayer. Uncle, will you buy me a workbench, a saw and a plane? I’m going to make a kennel for Medor.","t05-01-34":"The Uncle. — Yes, my boy.","t05-01-35":"John. — Oh, thank you! And who’s that man standing near the front door?","t05-tit-6":"The painting.","t05-01-36":"Mr White. — He is a painter . He is standing on his ladder with a pot of paint  and his brush . He is coating the wood of the front door so that it will last longer.","t05-01-37":"He is also the one who hangs the wallpaper in the rooms.","t05-01-38":"The upholsterer  on a ladder , out on the balcony , is putting up a blind .","t05-01-39":"The workman standing by the big window is the glazier . He fixes the panes  with putty . That other workman, kneeling by the cellar door, is a locksmith . He is fitting a lock . His file  is beside him.","t05-01-40":"John. — Is the man hitting a piece of iron with his hammer  a locksmith too?","t05-01-41":"Mr White. — Not quite — he’s a blacksmith . He is forging ironwork  for the electrician , who is on the roof of the coach house . He has a forge , an anvil  and a pair of tongs .","t05-01-42":"The electrician is fixing the copper wire  of the telephone.","t05-tit-7":"The gardening.","t05-01-43":"The Uncle. — At the far end of the yard , near the railings  and the carriage gate , you can see the gardener . He is getting the little garden  ready. He has dug the soil over with his spade , he is sowing seed and raking with the rake . Then, with his watering can , he will water the flower beds  and the plants will grow.","t05-01-44":"The groom , who has just tended the horse and fed it, is cleaning the carriage  with a sponge, a hand pump  and a bucket of water. Then he will put it away in the coach house and shut the door with the heavy bolt .","t05-01-45":"There, I hope you are satisfied now — you have had plenty of explanations.","t05-01-46":"John. — Yes, uncle, but I’d like to see the inside of the house.","t05-01-47":"The Uncle. — That can wait for tomorrow. Mr Roux will explain the plan to you and tell you the name of each room.","t05-tit-8":"The layout of the house.","t05-apar-2":"(See the plan.)","t05-01-48":"The Architect. — Come along, John, I’m going to take you round the different parts of the house.","t05-01-49":"Let’s go in on the ground floor . Here is the doorbell button . We climb the three steps  of the front steps , we cross the threshold  of the front door , and here we are at the foot of the staircase .","t05-01-50":"John. — This is the corridor.","t05-01-51":"The Architect. — No, this is the hall . The corridor is at the far end. On the right, here are the drawing room and the dining room ; opposite the dining room are the kitchen and the pantry ; then, at the front, the study . The veranda , with its glazed door , is next to the drawing room.","t05-01-52":"Now we’ll go up the stairs. Hold on to the handrail  and count the steps. There are fourteen. Here is the landing : we are on the first floor .","t05-tit-9":"The first floor.","t05-01-53":"Opposite the stairs are the lavatory  and the dressing room . On the right, a fine bedroom with two windows on the front  of the house. On the left are the bathroom  and the guest room with a large alcove . Next to the bedroom is the children’s room . It opens on to a wide terrace . Under this terrace is another lavatory , and against the wall, here is the bell  that is rung for dinner.","t05-01-54":"John. — Let’s go up to the second floor.","t05-01-55":"The Architect. — There is no second floor. Under the roof there are only attic rooms  and the loft . That is the whole tour — we can go back down.","t05-01-56":"John. — Thank you, sir, that was really interesting. I’m going to tell my father everything I have seen. ","t06-apar-1":"CHART No. 6 The Home inside, Furniture, Food, Lighting.","t06-apar-2":"The house is finished. John’s uncle has moved into his new home, whose layout we already know. Let’s see how he has furnished it. First we’ll visit:","t06-tit-1":"The Bedroom.","t06-c1-01-1":"1. — We have come at an awkward moment: the maid is busy cleaning the room.","t06-c1-02-1":"2. — On the washstand , scattered about, are the things you wash and comb and get ready with. They are the basin  and the water jug , the hairbrush , the comb , the soap  and the sponge , and lastly a little bottle  of mouthwash.","t06-c1-03-1":"3. — On the floor, in front of the washstand, is the pail  for the dirty water.","t06-c1-04-1":"4. — In the outer room  we can see a few coat hooks  and two umbrellas  in the umbrella stand .","t06-c1-05-1":"5. — On the other side of the door stands the mirrored wardrobe , which holds the linen .","t06-c1-06-1":"6. — While the housemaid  makes the bed , let’s look at its various parts. The bedstead  holds a good spring mattress , on which Justine will shortly lay a woollen mattress . Then she will take from the chairs the two sheets  and the blanket . Then she will place at the head of the bed the bolster  and the pillow , which are lying with the eiderdown  on the bedside rug . She uses a feather duster on the curtains  and the canopy , and part of the work is done.","t06-c1-07-1":"7. — Then she will have to tidy the bedside table  a little, wind up the alarm clock , get the night light  ready, and take away the candle  to clean the candlestick.","t06-tit-2":"The workbasket and the fireside things.","t06-c1-08-1":"8. — The workbasket  beside the stool  badly needs tidying too. She will have to fold up the embroidery , put away in the worktable  the thimble, the thread , the needles  and the scissors , and lock the lid of the table with the key .","t06-c1-09-1":"9. — On the pedestal table  in the middle, Justine will change the water in the carafe . She will put sugar in the sugar bowl , clean the sugar tongs  and take away the clothes brush .","t06-c1-10-1":"10. — The right-hand side of the room will give her less work, because the day bed  and its cushion  are in their proper place, and since the weather is not cold, nothing has been moved among the things belonging to the fireplace . Shovel , tongs , firedogs  and ash guard  are clean; the fire screen  has not been moved and the log box  is well stocked with firewood .","t06-c1-11-1":"11. — She will still have to dust the mantel clock , the candelabra  and the trinket trays , and then wipe the mirror .","t06-c1-12-1":"12. — As for the baby’s cradle  (the babo ), it is ready and waiting.","t06-tit-3":"The Drawing Room.","t06-c2-01-1":"1. — Now for the drawing room. It is a very fine room. The fireplace, in the right-hand corner, is decorated with a delicate statuette  and two handsome vases , and draped with a velvet lambrequin  .","t06-c2-02-1":"2. — To stop sparks from the hearth setting the carpet alight, a copper fire guard  has been set in front of it.","t06-c2-03-1":"3. — Beside it, an elegant lady’s writing desk  stands open. It is where the lady of the house  writes her letters.","t06-c2-04-1":"4. — The window is dressed with net curtains  held back by tiebacks  hooked to the pegs , and with heavy fabric curtains topped by a valance .","t06-c2-05-1":"5. — In the window recess, a jardinière  holds a green plant , a magnificent palm whose leaves reach almost as far as the oil lamp .","t06-c2-06-1":"6. — The lampshade  was made by Mary, the charming young lady  at the piano . Sitting very straight on the stool , she is practising a piece. She is very skilful and very tidy, as her music cabinet  shows: it is in perfect order.","t06-tit-4":"The Rascal.","t06-c2-07-1":"7. — Her brother Paul is looking for a book  in the bookcase . He is a boy  who is restless and quite unbearable. Hanging on to the bookcase to reach the book that is too high up, he is in danger of bringing down the bust  on top of it.","t06-c2-08-1":"8. — He is only getting away with it because his mother is busy talking to a friend, a lady  who has come to spend a few days with her. The mother is sitting on the sofa  beside the armchair , and her friend is on the chair , of which we can see only the back .","t06-c2-09-1":"9. — The big frame  hanging on the wall holds the portrait  of a relative. In the album  lying on the table are gathered the photographs  of the rest of the family. The children were leafing through it a moment ago: the chairs  are still grouped around the table.","t06-c2-10-1":"10. — The porcelain Chinese vase  near the paper knife  was given to Mary on her name day, and the folding screen  that fills the corner of the room was brought back from China by her uncle.","t06-c2-11-1":"11. — Brightened by the handsome pictures  hanging on the wall , lit by the ceiling chandelier , whose electric lamps  shine so cheerfully in the evening, this drawing room looks very pleasant. The soft carpet  spread over the floor, and the electric bell  that is so handy, make it perfectly comfortable.","t06-tit-5":"The Dining Room.","t06-c3-01-1":"1. — The dinner bell has rung. The whole family, except Mary, is gathered around the table. The dining room is pleasantly warmed by an excellent earthenware stove  with a slender pipe .","t06-c3-02-1":"2. — This room does not hold much furniture. Along the wall, above the stool , hangs a decorative little fountain . Close by is the sideboard , on which the cold dishes, the desserts and the various pieces of tableware not needed at the moment are set down.","t06-c3-03-1":"3. — So on the upper shelf we can see a roast chicken , a fish  and a bowl  of fruit . Below are the cheese , the bread  and the cruet stand , which holds everything needed to dress the salad: the oil, the vinegar, the salt  and the pepper . Lastly, on the bottom shelf, there is a cake  beside the mustard pot .","t06-c3-04-1":"4. — The dining room clock, which is called a wall clock , is a very unusual shape. It is set in a wooden frame that also holds a barometer  and a thermometer .","t06-tit-6":"Serving Dinner.","t06-c3-05-1":"5. — All round the room the walls are lined with wooden panelling  of waxed oak. A fabric door curtain  does a decent job of closing off the door to the veranda. That is where the family will have coffee after dinner. The cups  and saucers  are already set out on the china cabinet .","t06-c3-06-1":"6. — Above the table a hanging lamp  is fixed to the ceiling; its very bright light fills the whole dining room in the evening.","t06-c3-07-1":"7. — Now let’s look at the dining table  itself. When the family came in, the table was laid. On the tablecloth  there had been set, at each diner’s place, a plate , a napkin , a spoon , a fork , a knife  and a glass . There were also bottles  for the wine and a carafe  for the water.","t06-c3-08-1":"8. — The servant  first brought in the soup tureen , in which some soup is still steaming. He is now serving the first course , a meat dish. Then he will hand round the ones we have already named; and finally, after the dessert, once his employers have gone through to the veranda, he will clear the table and put the dining room straight again.","t06-c3-08-2":"Note. — The everyday words to do with food are given here only in outline. The list will be completed in the two charts “The Hotel” (no. 13) and “The Market” (no. 15).","t06-tit-7":"The Kitchen.","t06-c4-01-1":"1. — In the kitchen, which we glimpse through the half-open door, there is a picturesque muddle. In front of the hearth , where the fire  crackles, the roasting jack  is set up. A fine roast  is on the spit  and is finishing cooking.","t06-c4-02-1":"2. — The bellows  and the coal shovel , which have just been used, have been left on the floor, along with the logs .","t06-c4-03-1":"3. — The top of the mantelpiece is tidy: the lantern , the matchbox holder  with the matches  in it, the candlestick  and the chamber candlestick  with its candle  are all in their places. But the big coal scuttle , full of the coal  the cook  has just been down to the cellar to fetch, has been left in the middle of the kitchen.","t06-c4-04-1":"4. — The truth is that the poor woman has to hurry if lunch is to be ready on time. Just now she is at the cooking range , stirring a sauce  that must not be allowed to burn.","t06-c4-05-1":"5. — In the oven  a cake is baking, which she has made for the children’s tea. Above the range hang the ladle  and the skimmer .","t06-tit-8":"The Kitchenware.","t06-c4-06-1":"6. — The set of pans  hanging at the back of the room is very clean. The handsome copper saucepans , the milk jug , the strainer  and the grater  have been carefully scoured.","t06-c4-07-1":"7. — The salt box  stands on the small dresser beside the teapot  and the oil demijohn . The drawer  probably holds the cutlery and the kitchen knives.","t06-c4-08-1":"8. — The broom  and the feather duster  are in a corner. The cook has just been using the chopping block ; she has left it near the window.","t06-c4-09-1":"9. — A hand towel  hangs on the wall next to the funnel . In this part of the kitchen are kept the grill , the chopper  and the chopping board . Then, above the chopper, on a shelf , are pots , the stew pot  with its lid , and the cauldron . The frying pan  hangs close by.","t06-c4-10-1":"10. — Only the copper tap  throws a gleam into this corner. The sink , on which the big pitcher  stands, must be very convenient with its little cupboard, where the vinegar cask  with its tap , the rubbish box  and the dirty dishes  are kept.","t06-tit-9":"Other things kept in the kitchen.","t06-c4-11-1":"11. — The big tub  in which the vegetables  are washed, and the cast-iron cauldron  standing on the tiled floor , probably belong in that cupboard too.","t06-c4-12-1":"12. — The cook is certainly not short of stoves, because here on the corner of the table is a gas ring  with water heating on it in a small saucepan. The steam  escaping from it tells us it must be boiling. This water is probably for the coffee, since the coffee pot  and the coffee grinder  are at the other end of the table.","t06-c4-13-1":"13. — The gas ring is connected to the gas burner  by a long rubber tube .","t06-c4-14-1":"14. — The daily help , who comes to assist the cook, is preparing the vegetables for dinner. When they have been peeled and washed, she will put them in the pan  until it is time to cook them.","t06-tit-10":"The Bathroom. (The bathing room.)","t06-c5-01-1":"1. — One last bit of snooping and we will know the main rooms of the house: the fittings of the bathroom. It will not take long, because the room is small, and we can see at a glance that the bathtub  has a good water heater , that the soap dish  is within reach of the bather’s hand, and that the towel rail  must make it easy to dry the towels .","t06-c5-02-1":"2. — This room has its walls covered with glazed tiles , which made it possible to install a shower  without the water splashing about doing them any damage. A small zinc basin  for footbaths completes the furnishings. ","t07-apar-1":"SECOND SERIES CHART No. 7","t07-tit-1":"First scene.","t07-tit-2":"The village in winter.","t07-c1-01-1":"1. — During the New Year holidays I went with my father to Newtown, a small village where he had some business to see to.","t07-c1-02-1":"2. — We took the stagecoach  that runs between the town and that village; but as it was very cold, the journey in such an uncomfortable vehicle was not at all pleasant.","t07-c1-03-1":"3. — So we were truly glad when we saw the driver pull up his coach in the square, in front of the inn  of the White Bear. The innkeeper  was waiting for us on his doorstep, quietly smoking his pipe.","t07-c1-03-2":"He asked us in, and I did not need to be asked twice before settling myself in front of the fire of vine prunings crackling in the hearth. After that I did not care about the biting north wind that made the old sign  creak and carried off in black swirls the smoke  coming out of the chimney.","t07-c1-04-1":"4. — It was lunchtime. Without waiting any longer, we did full justice to the plain but tasty meal that was served to us .","t07-tit-3":"A few visits.","t07-c1-05-1":"5. — After lunch I went with my father, who is an insurance agent, to call on his clients. First we visited the blacksmith , who lives next to the inn. He was busy shoeing a horse. I admired the strength of his mate, who held the horse’s hoof firmly against his leather apron while the smith fastened the shoe  with heavy hammer blows.","t07-c1-06-1":"6. — Then we went to the village shoemaker , old Jacob. Although he had a magnificent boot for a sign, he was making do with resoling an old pair of worn-out shoes.","t07-c1-06-2":"The old man told us with a laugh: “In town I was a ‘shoemaker’ and I had no customers. Here I am a ‘cobbler’ and there is plenty of work.”","t07-c1-07-1":"7. — He talked to us about his neighbour the barber , whose customers are all dissatisfied. His razors are always chipped and his scissors never cut properly. But as he is the only barber in the village, people naturally have no choice but to have him shave them and cut their hair. On top of that he is mean and disagreeable.","t07-c1-08-1":"8. — Fortunately the other neighbours are not like him. The wheelwright , for instance, is a kind man, hard-working and obliging. It is a pleasure to give him a cart to mend. His work is always well finished.","t07-c1-09-1":"9. — Old Jacob had no complaints either about the saddler , whom he sometimes helps to sew harness when the work piles up.","t07-c1-09-2":"My father asked him about his family. “Everyone is well. My granddaughter is at school . Her teacher  is very pleased with her; she is a good pupil . She is not like that rascal of a son of mine; he thinks of nothing but playing. The schoolmaster  cannot get him to learn a thing.”","t07-tit-4":"Village gossip.","t07-c1-10-1":"10. — The old man then told us the village news. A new school was going to be built, because the one in the village hall had got far too small. That would be easy: they only had to buy part of the miller’s garden. It would suit the poor man very well. Since the cold weather began, the millstones of the mill  had not been able to grind the wheat, the wheel  being caught in the ice  of the stream .","t07-c1-11-1":"11. — “Speaking of building, have you seen our new church ? It looks very picturesque under its coat of snow. The crows , who no longer recognise their old bell tower, perch sadly on the big tree in the churchyard .”","t07-c1-12-1":"12. — The mention of the churchyard reminded the shoemaker of the people my father had known who had died in the past year. “How many graves , my dear sir, have been added to the others under the cypress ! Death took our old notary. The whole village was at his funeral.”","t07-c1-13-1":"13. — “There is his successor, skating on the stream. He came in a little while ago to have me mend the strap of his skate , which had broken.”","t07-c1-14-1":"14. — “And there, on the bank of the stream, is the new village constable . He is a former gendarme and the terror of the village rascals. They run off the moment they catch sight of his gaiters  and his peaked cap .”","t07-c1-15-1":"15. — “Ah! there is old Joseph bringing a cartload of faggots  for the baker. — Quite right, said my father, I recognise his team of mules . I need a word with him, so I’ll take the chance. Goodbye, old Jacob.”","t07-c1-16-1":"16. — Just as we were going out, the village children were leaving school and rushing on to the ice slide , at the risk of falling and breaking a limb in the tumble . One of them fetched his sledge  from the wheelwright’s, sat one of his friends in it, and set off at a run.","t07-c1-17-1":"17. — Others rushed to a heap of snow  near the bridge  and began pelting the snowman  they had made the day before, which they had given a hat, a pipe and a school satchel slung over its shoulder.","t07-c1-18-1":"18. — They cared little for the freezing wind and the cold. Most of them had not even a scarf , and to warm themselves up after the snowball  fight, a handful of piping hot chestnuts  bought from old Jacqueline, the seller, who shivers with cold under her too thin shawl , was all they needed.","t07-tit-5":"Second scene.","t07-tit-6":"The farmhouse in spring.","t07-c2-01-1":"1. — Winter has its pleasures, but we still welcome the return of spring with real joy.","t07-c2-01-2":"What a cheering picture a farmyard makes in the evening, in the month of May!","t07-c2-02-1":"2. — On the horizon the sun  is slowly setting, flooding the countryside  with its crimson rays . The busy ploughman  is hurrying to plough his field .","t07-c2-02-2":"With his plough  drawn by a sturdy horse , he traces the furrow  in which the sower  will scatter by the handful the seed that will yield the golden ears.","t07-c2-03-1":"3. — The mowers  with their scythes have cut the grass of the meadow, the haymakers have dried the hay  by turning it with pitchforks  and rakes, and here they come home.","t07-c2-03-2":"Some walk in front of the heavy cart drawn by oxen, carrying their tools on their shoulders. Others, lazier, have settled themselves comfortably on the sweet-smelling hay.","t07-c2-04-1":"4. — As they pass they wave to the gardener , busy in the orchard  pruning the fruit trees and grafting the pear trees . The plum trees  are in blossom, and in the well-manured vegetable garden  the vegetables, cabbages and lettuces are already doing well.","t07-c2-04-2":"On the low wall, a handsome peacock  spreads its tail to show off its magnificent feathers.","t07-tit-7":"The farmyard.","t07-c2-05-1":"5. — The doors of the stable  are open, and you can see the hayrack and the bedding straw  of the mare  that the groom  has just unharnessed. The foal , so comical on its long legs, follows its mother, frisking about.","t07-c2-06-1":"6. — Near the well  the cows  go to drink from the wooden trough  that serves them for a drinking place. The calf  takes the chance to suckle, and the ox , catching the good smell of the fodder, lows cheerfully and proudly lifts its head with its powerful horns .","t07-c2-07-1":"7. — Everyone is at work. The maidservant  is holding the rope  of the well. She is drawing water in a bucket  to give the animals to drink. Near the barn  a man is raking up the loose straw, and in front of the door of the farmhouse  an old spinning woman , with her spinning wheel and her distaff, spins the flax or the hemp as in days gone by.","t07-tit-8":"The farmer.","t07-c2-08-1":"8. — The farmer  directs all this work and gives his men their orders. He tells them to put under cover the harrow  and the pickaxe  that have been left near the kennel  of the dog .","t07-c2-09-1":"9. — His shouts startle a pigeon , which flies off at full speed to the dovecote , and the hens , which hurry back into the henhouse .","t07-c2-10-1":"10. — In front of the sheepfold , the old shepherd  is bringing back his flock . Holding his crook , which never leaves him any more than his faded smock  does, he leads to the fold rams , ewes , lambs , goats  and kids . His faithful dog  Argus comes last and urges on the stragglers with his barking.","t07-c2-11-1":"11. — All this noise and bustle does not disturb the calm of the good dairy cow , which rings its bell  while it is milked in front of the door of the cowshed .","t07-c2-12-1":"12. — She seems to understand that she must give her milk so that the farmer’s wife  can make butter in the churn , or the excellent cheeses  that are draining on the board laid across the tub .","t07-c2-13-1":"13. — The whole dairy  is kept very clean by the farmhand , who has just washed the milk cans  in the big bucket he is carrying.","t07-tit-9":"The poultry yard.","t07-c2-14-1":"14. — In his heavy clogs he walks rather clumsily, and so puts to flight the turkey , the ducks , the drakes  and the geese , which open their beaks  wide and set up an anxious clamour.","t07-c2-14-2":"The cockerel , more warlike, raises his red comb , shakes the feathers of his tail  and lets out a ringing “cock-a-doodle-doo”.","t07-c2-15-1":"15. — A mother hen  is pecking about on the dung heap  with her chicks . The piglet  runs off to its mother, the huge sow  we can see beside the pigsty.","t07-c2-16-1":"16. — In their hutches, the rabbits  are eagerly eating the tender grass  the farmer’s daughter brings them. Jenny is very fond of her rabbits, and every day, after fetching the fresh eggs  from the henhouse, she comes to visit her little friends. ","t08-apar-1":"CHART No. 8 First scene. The Harvest . — The Face of the Countryside.","t08-c1-01-1":"1. — With summer, the countryside has changed its face once more. The seed entrusted to the furrow has sprouted; a small green plant has come up out of the ground and has borne its ear. The grain formed, then ripened, and now all that is left is to bring in the harvest.","t08-c1-02-1":"2. — The wild flowers are out. Cornflowers , poppies  and foxgloves  stand out against the even tint of the cornfields with the cheerful contrast of their fresh blooms.","t08-c1-03-1":"3. — The fruit trees have put out their leaves; the fruit has ripened. The little cherry tree  is laden with fine cherries , which the children pick and eat with delight.","t08-c1-04-1":"4. — The flock can now spend the whole day out of doors.","t08-c1-04-2":"The lambs  have grown and become fine ewes  and fine rams  with thick fleeces. They graze peacefully on the grass of the pasture , dotted with daisies.","t08-c1-04-3":"Soon these animals will be sheared for their wool, from which the cloth of our clothes is made.","t08-tit-2":"The Herdsman.","t08-c1-05-1":"5. — The herdsman  does not seem to pay them much attention. His only concern is the storm passing on the horizon, and the shepherd , raising his flask  to his lips, seems more carefree still.","t08-c1-06-1":"6. — The heat is oppressive: even the dog  comes to cool off; he laps the fresh water of the stream  and startles a poor little frog  that had been crouching in the grass on the bank. It leaps into the clear water where the water lilies  are in bloom.","t08-c1-07-1":"7. — A wagtail  is bathing beside the little spring  that gushes out between two rocks and hides under the thorny scrub  and the hawthorn bushes .","t08-tit-3":"The Harvest.","t08-c1-08-1":"8. — For country children, the corn harvest is a very entertaining time. They turn merry somersaults  on the straw heaps , they help the harvesters , and while these mow the cornfield  with their scythes , well sharpened on the whetstone , they gather the corn and tie it into sheaves  or small bundles .","t08-c1-09-1":"9. — Sometimes the biggest of them get to use a sickle  on the golden stalks  that bear the heavy ears  full of grain; and the little ones, while watching the cattle  grazing in the meadow  in the shade of the big lime tree , catch the beautiful butterflies in their net .","t08-c1-09-2":"Some even climb on to the cart  to arrange the sheaves that are handed up to them on a pitchfork .","t08-c1-10-1":"10. — All over the plain , where the larks  take flight, there is a great bustle. Everyone is busy with the harvest. But while the poor go on using the old tools — scythes, sickles and flails  — the wealthy landowners have their wheat or their rye  cut with a reaping machine . Then, without having to carry the sheaves to the barn, great ricks  are built on the spot.","t08-c1-11-1":"11. — Then a threshing machine  is brought up, driven by a portable engine  through a driving belt , and in this way the grain is separated from the straw without leaving the field where it was sown.","t08-tit-4":"The Storm.","t08-c1-12-1":"12. — Violent storms  often break at harvest time. First the rumble of the thunder is heard far off; a strong west wind  gets up and bends the biggest trees of the wood  until they groan. Black clouds  roll across the sky; they are crossed by the blinding zigzags of the lightning . The rain, and sometimes the hail, begins to fall, flattening the crop that is ready to be cut.","t08-c1-13-1":"13. — Often the lightning sets a building on fire. Last year, for instance, the roof of the windmill  was burnt to ashes and two of its sails  were shattered.","t08-c1-14-1":"14. — After a few hours, calm returns. A brilliant rainbow  appears on the horizon, and nature picks up the life that had been interrupted for a while. The country people, who had taken shelter in the huts , go back to work and set about bravely repairing the damage they have just suffered.","t08-tit-5":"Second scene.","t08-tit-6":"Hunting. — The Grape Harvest. — Fishing.","t08-c2-01-1":"1. — Towards the end of August or the middle of September, depending on the region, the shooting season opens. The first rays of the sun have hardly brought the lizards  out of their holes before the sportsman  sets out with his dogs .","t08-c2-02-1":"2. — He has put on his stout shooting suit  of thick cloth, and leather gaiters that will let him walk through the wet grass where the toads  hide; he has taken his gun  and his game bag , and off he goes.","t08-c2-03-1":"3. — The eagerness of the chase brings him into the middle of a vineyard where the grape harvest is in full swing. The winegrower’s children, who usually watch the goats by the roadside, are letting them graze wherever they like today, and after tying to a stake an old billy goat  who would certainly take advantage of his freedom to run off, they too are taking their share of the fun. One takes a bunch of grapes from a grape basket  and has fun squeezing the juice  into a cup  to make must (unfermented wine). Another is crowning himself with a wreath of leaves  he has just plaited. Near them, bold sparrows  come right up to the press to steal the grapes.","t08-c2-04-1":"4. — While the children amuse themselves, the men work. The grape pickers  carry the grapes down to the cellar in back baskets ; a cooper  mends the casks , checks that the staves  and the heads  are sound, and replaces the broken hoops . It was he too who made the great vats  into which the grapes  are poured to ferment.","t08-c2-05-1":"5. — When the fermentation is over, the wine is drawn off and the remains are put on the press ; by tightening the great screw  little by little, the juice is squeezed out and runs into a tub , yielding still more wine .","t08-tit-8":"Beer and Cider.","t08-c2-06-1":"6. — Up the wall of the cellar  climbs a branch of hops . Here it is only an ornamental plant, but in some countries, where the vine is very rare, hops are grown to make beer.","t08-c2-07-1":"7. — The little apple tree  is laden with apples that will make excellent cider when they are ripe. In their cage  the canary  and the goldfinch  look with envious eyes at the sparrows frisking about in freedom.","t08-c2-08-1":"8. — As far as the eye can see, on the slope of the hills, stand rows of vine stakes  supporting the magnificent vine stocks , heavy with bunches.","t08-c2-08-2":"All year long the winegrower  has worked to tend his vineyard , and now he is rewarded for his pains with a fine crop. The women pickers  fill the vats set on the cart drawn by mules , and everyone is cheerful.","t08-tit-9":"Fishing.","t08-c2-09-1":"9. — The same is true of the anglers , who came at first light to settle on the water’s edge with their fishing rods .","t08-c2-09-2":"The fish  take the hook as soon as they drop their line  into the water, and they have hardly time to renew the bait before a new victim is wriggling at the end of the line.","t08-c2-09-3":"Still, the net fisherman , who casts his net from his boat  into the middle of the river , catches a good many more.","t08-c2-10-1":"10. — Autumn is the season for good outings: on foot, on horseback , by bicycle , by car . The roads  are clean and people make the most of the last fine days, because the swallows  are already gathering on the roofs to fly off to warmer countries. The leaves of the old walnut tree  are turning yellow, the walnuts are falling, and the tall trees standing in a clump  on the high ground  will soon be bare.","t08-c2-11-1":"11. — The sun  rises later, the days grow shorter, you start to feel a fairly sharp chill in the morning, and already flights of woodcock  are leaving our inhospitable climate. ","t09-apar-1":"CHART No. 9","t09-tit-1":"First scene.","t09-tit-2":"The Mountain. — The Spa Town.","t09-c1-01-1":"1. — I have been at Pratz for a week. I cannot express all the wonder I felt when I stood before the marvellous mountain range  of the Pyrenees, whose crest  stands out against the blue sky like a giant scallop.","t09-c1-02-1":"2. — I had not imagined that the Pyrenean summits  could reach such a great height, and I was amazed by the magnificent glaciers  and the snow-covered peaks  down which such terrifying avalanches sweep.","t09-tit-3":"Mountain landscape.","t09-c1-03-1":"3. — The very day after I arrived, I went to the old extinct volcano  near Pratz. On the bare, barren rim of the crater you can still clearly see the traces left by the lava that flowed, several centuries ago, down the mountainside . On one of the slopes I managed to find a few fragments of that lava.","t09-c1-04-1":"4. — Pratz stands on the frontier, and the fortress  that guards the pass  between France and Spain is quite like those old castles on the banks of the Rhine that seem to be watching for prey from the top of their rock.","t09-c1-05-1":"5. — A huge eagle , which has its eyrie not far from the fort , often catches my attention. This bird of prey, with its powerful beak, often brings its young a lamb or a kid held in its talons. Its wings are so large that it can glide for a long while with its heavy load.","t09-tit-4":"The Walker.","t09-c1-06-1":"6. — The pleasantest walk here is the trip to the waterfall  of Cau. The falling water tumbles down in a swirl and then disappears as a pretty stream in the fir wood  west of the town. We climbed through this wood as far as the weather station , and from the top of the lookout we took in the whole panorama of the district. The landscape is superb, and nature seems to have poured every treasure she has into this country.","t09-c1-07-1":"7. — To come down again we took the funicular  and stopped at a small station near the ruins  of an old feudal castle once lived in by the lords of Pratz.","t09-c1-08-1":"8. — Poor castle! What must it think when it sees below it the neat spa town , now a fashionable thermal resort?","t09-c1-08-2":"The climate is so pleasant and the mineral water so beneficial that the course of treatment taken at the sanatorium  is a real pleasure.","t09-tit-5":"A pleasant spa town.","t09-c1-09-1":"9. — Everything, indeed, has been done to make the stay agreeable. A great viaduct  was built to carry a railway; the park  of the pump room, where concerts are given, is laid out charmingly. Several graceful villas  have been built around the casino , and a very well kept highway  makes getting about extremely easy.","t09-c1-10-1":"10. — A simple embankment  separates the road  from the valley  proper, at the bottom of which lies a graceful little lake  that feeds a clear stream .","t09-c1-11-1":"11. — On the other side of the valley an iron mine  is being worked. Several times I went to watch the miners going down the shaft, and I even went into the gallery where they spend their day extracting the ore that holds the metal.","t09-c1-12-1":"12. — A large foundry was built beside the mine to put its riches to use straight away. The blast furnace , heated with the coal that is plentiful here, makes it possible to obtain pig iron quickly and cheaply.","t09-c1-13-1":"13. — Not far from the mine a quarry  is being cut. What the old quarryman breaks off with his pick is neither granite nor porphyry nor even sandstone, but plain building stone for putting up houses.","t09-c1-14-1":"14. — One of the finest ornaments of this country is the fir tree . Everywhere — at the bottom of a ravine , on the bank of a torrent , beside a chasm  or a precipice — its slender needles add their note of green.","t09-tit-6":"Walking.","t09-c1-15-1":"15. — I am making the most of the holidays to take long walks. The paths  that wind up the mountain let you cover several kilometres, and often several leagues, without noticing the distance.","t09-c1-15-2":"Milestones  and signposts  mark out the paths, where you often meet a young mountain lad  with a knapsack  at his side, carrying a marmot , or some gypsy  whose fur cap  contrasts oddly with his torn old hood . He leads a performing bear  on a chain.","t09-tit-7":"Climbing.","t09-c1-16-1":"16. — Almost every day I go with a guide  to make a climb, and I am very proud when, with my pack  on my back and my alpenstock in my hand, like a real tourist , I attack the rocks .","t09-c1-17-1":"17. — From the top of a mountain, the people of the plain look no bigger than ants; a flock of sheep  grazing in a pasture  looks like a child’s toy. A pine , or even a wooden chalet , is hardly more than a speck on the green.","t09-c1-18-1":"18. — On these outings we often meet on the track  a chamois hunter  carrying on his shoulder the animal he has just killed.","t09-c1-19-1":"19. — I have put in my herbarium a very remarkable frond of fern  and a pretty pink sprig of heather , which I gathered at the mouth of a little cave  on my last walk.","t09-tit-8":"Second scene.","t09-tit-9":"The Forest. — The Hunt.","t09-c2-01-1":"1. — Yesterday I spent a delightful day in the forest. The busy life of the animals and the insects  that live there fascinated me.","t09-c2-01-2":"The spider  spinning its web  between two branches to catch the passing fly , the snail  labouring along with its shell, the stag beetle scouting for its prey, the busy ant hard at work near the anthill  — all these small creatures came and went and worked with extraordinary energy.","t09-c2-02-1":"2. — A snake , which at first I took for a viper but which was only a harmless grass snake, was curled up under a tree trunk, now and then poking out its slender little head, which always seemed ready to bite. In front of me a big slug  was crawling heavily along after devouring one of the tasty little wild strawberries  that grow here in abundance.","t09-c2-03-1":"3. — The ground was carpeted with woodland flowers: primroses , periwinkles  and many other plants I could not name were in bloom among the tufts of grass .","t09-c2-04-1":"4. — In this district the truffle is almost as common as the mushroom , and a young pig  belonging to a forester was greedily hunting to see whether it could find some.","t09-tit-10":"Poaching.","t09-c2-05-1":"5. — I saw the end of a scene that I found very funny. Thanks to the nose of his basset hound , the forester  had just surprised a poacher  at the moment when the man was getting ready to carry off the game  he had killed. Preferring to give up his catch rather than be arrested, the poacher had fled, and hare , hind , roe deer  and wild boar  lay on the grass, to the forester’s delight.","t09-c2-06-1":"6. — The variety of trees the forest holds is astonishing. The beeches  and the birches , the pines, which yield resin , the oaks  and many others besides mingle their branches.","t09-c2-06-2":"The ivy  clinging to the trunks of the tall trees gives the high wood  a brilliant green, which blends pleasantly with the paler, softer shade of the moss  in which the green woodpecker  hunts for insects.","t09-tit-11":"Forest landscape.","t09-c2-07-1":"7. — The old oaks charmed me. Their big twisted roots , half out of the ground, give them a splendid look of strength and vigour, and I wonder how the owner  can bring himself to have them felled and handed over to the saw  of the woodcutter . The poor trunks , stripped of their bark  or split by the axe  of the day labourer , grieve me.","t09-c2-08-1":"8. — Close by, an old charcoal burner  had built up with his shovel a stack  of charcoal, and an old woman was carrying away a bundle  of dead wood made of twigs from the felled trees.","t09-tit-12":"The Hunt.","t09-c2-09-1":"9. — I meant to go and rest for a while at the forester’s house , but when I reached the little pond , on which a handsome swan  was swimming, I noticed that a recent flood  had turned the path into a real marsh. I had to make a detour, and as I passed the cedar , the poplars  and the elm  that stand on the edge of the forest, I saw, breaking out of a thicket , a magnificent stag , chased by a relentless pack of hounds  urged on by the horn  of the mounted huntsmen . The poor beast was utterly spent. It fell dying a few paces from me.","t09-c2-10-1":"10. — The forester’s son, drawn out by the noise of the hunt, came out of the house, and the two of us went back into the forest. He had seen a magpie  on the branch of an old oak. He thought its nest must be hidden in the foliage  and wanted to take it.","t09-c2-10-2":"Nimble as a squirrel , he climbed from branch  to branch, but he found nothing and managed only to startle an old crow  perched on a bough . ","t10-apar-1":"CHART No. 10 The Sea. — The Port.","t10-01-1":"1. — In summer, while some look for calm and cool air in the mountains, others prefer to go to the coast. That is what we did last year, for we are very fond of the ocean .","t10-02-1":"2. — I love gazing at that immense sheet of water stretching to the horizon , and in watching the huge steamships  set off on a long crossing with the travellers bound for America on board.","t10-03-1":"3. — So my father, who knows what I like, always picks a very quiet beach near one of our great naval ports for the holidays.","t10-03-2":"During our last stay, the squadron came and dropped anchor behind the huge breakwater  that closes and protects the naval harbour , and I was able to admire at leisure the various warships, from the small submarine , which dives and disappears beneath the water, to the enormous battleship , which until now had little to fear but the attacks of the torpedo boat .","t10-tit-2":"The small craft.","t10-04-1":"4. — It could already find the weak point in the thick metal armour very cleverly, and plant there the dangerous torpedo whose explosion sinks the ship; but it was still less to be feared than the submarine, because the destroyers can easily run it down.","t10-05-1":"5. — I was also able to see the fast armoured cruisers , almost as invulnerable as a true battleship, several troopships , three or four gunboats , and lastly a frigate . The sight of that fleet weighing anchor is most interesting of all.","t10-06-1":"6. — What a difference in build between those great masses of steel and the elegant three-masters or the graceful sailing ships  still used in the merchant fleet, which I would see coming into port under full sail as I walked along the pier . It is true that they lost much of their advantage when the wind was against them. They had to take in all sail to enter the dock, and a tug  was needed to fetch them and bring them in to the quay like plain barges .","t10-tit-3":"The commercial port.","t10-07-1":"7. — What makes the port I am speaking of so interesting is that it holds not only a naval harbour, made artificially by gigantic works, but also a marvellous commercial port at the mouth of a great river.","t10-08-1":"8. — The tongue of land separating the two docks is fortified and defended by a line of batteries and bastions reaching out into the sea. A special permit is needed to walk on the ramparts . I got one easily through my uncle, who is an engineer at the shipyards , and I went to see the ships being built under vast sheds.","t10-09-1":"9. — I even saw a battleship launched, and I remember the thrill the whole crowd felt when the enormous mass, left to itself, began to slide down its cradle and came to float on the water of the river.","t10-10-1":"10. — To reach the shipyards you cross the parade ground , where the garrison troops come to drill every day, and go over an iron footbridge  linking the parade ground to the arsenal .","t10-tit-4":"The Arsenal and the docks.","t10-11-1":"11. — With my uncle I visited that great establishment full of guns , cannonballs  and shells. I also saw the ironworks  where the boilers  of the steamships are made.","t10-12-1":"12. — Very near are the docks  — dry docks — and the very remarkable floating docks , in which I was able to see close up, on a ship under repair, the propeller , the keel  and the rudder  of a vessel.","t10-13-1":"13. — The commercial port is quite as well worth studying as the naval one, and I spent many hours idling on the quays where the paddle steamers  that go up the river are moored, and watching the sheer-legs crane  at work, lifting enormous loads as though they were feathers.","t10-tit-5":"The Pilot.","t10-14-1":"14. — I admired the transatlantic liners  leaving the roadstead with their flags  flying, steered by a skilful pilot  who followed beautifully the channel marked out by buoys  and beacons, avoiding the lighters  that are steered with such difficulty by their single square sail. I could make out at the bow  the second-class cabins , and at the stern  the saloons for the first-class passengers.","t10-15-1":"15. — Sometimes, too, I watched the loading of a cargo boat , into which were piled the goods from the warehouse  and the harbour station , brought in by the many trains of the quayside line .","t10-tit-6":"Rowing for pleasure.","t10-16-1":"16. — I often went boating in the wet dock , where the small boats  take shelter, and I loved handling the oar . I would go up on to the deck  of a sailing boat , climb by the rigging  up the mast  into the yards , and then go on with my outing in a skiff  among the heavy fishing boats , where the nets  hang drying.","t10-17-1":"17. — On the quay  the most varied goods  passed before me, packed in crates  or in bales . They made up the cargo  of the barges, and powerful cranes  lifted them out and set them down on lorries  while the carriers declared them and paid the duty at the customs house .","t10-18-1":"18. — At last, when I reached the swing bridge  or the lock , passing the dredger  that cleans out the canal , I would land on the pier beside the signal mast .","t10-19-1":"19. — It is on the other side of that pier that the launches  bringing the squadron’s officers ashore come alongside. It is a fine sight to see the sailors raise their oars in time while the boat, carried by the wave , comes easily up to the landing steps. This is the best place to watch the tide and the movement of the ebb and flow on the beach .","t10-tit-7":"The Officers’ Club.","t10-20-1":"20. — To get home I took the electric tram , whose stop  is at the post standing in front of the officers’ club.","t10-20-2":"From the balcony  of the club, decorated with anchors , guns and cannonballs, I often saw a splendid gathering of naval officers: lieutenants  with their swords, captains of artillery  and of infantry  with their sabres. Behind them stood a sailor  who brought them a telescope when they wanted to make out what was happening far off.","t10-21-1":"21. — I also saw young sub-lieutenants  taking their orders from their commander  or from the admiral , while a quartermaster  waited to carry them out to the ship.","t10-22-1":"22. — From that balcony the view is magnificent: it commands the whole beach with its tents  and bathing huts , and at bathing time you can see the bathers  splashing about happily in front of the casino .","t10-23-1":"23. — At the end of the beach the coast forms a small rocky peninsula , where the breakers  come crashing in and on which a lighthouse  is built, showing sailors their way by night. This peninsula is joined to the land only by a very narrow isthmus .","t10-tit-8":"A general view of the coast.","t10-24-1":"24. — The cliff  runs on, cut into by the sea, which carves out of it a whimsical series of bays  and headlands (capes), making it most picturesque.","t10-24-2":"On the plateau  overlooking the strait  there is a very important fort  and a few villas.","t10-25-1":"25. — That strait separates from the mainland a very dangerous island , ringed with rocks  and reefs, where boats and even large ships are sometimes wrecked. However prompt the rescue and however quickly the lifeboats arrive, these shipwrecks are terrible, and in the equinoctial gales several ships have been lost with all hands and cargo.","t10-25-2":"In spite of that neighbourhood, the port is much used by sailors. ","t11-apar-1":"THIRD SERIES CHART No. 11 The Town and its buildings. — The Fire.","t11-tit-1":"The Outskirts.","t11-c1-01-1":"1. — I live in a large town a hundred kilometres from the ocean, which is nevertheless a first-rate port . The river that runs along it is four hundred metres wide and forms a very fine roadstead.","t11-c1-02-1":"2. — The whole part of the town along the quays  has an entirely maritime and industrial look, and forms a suburb  lived in only by sailors and workers. The latter work in the factories  and at the gasworks , whose tall chimney  and gasholder can be seen from a long way off.","t11-c1-03-1":"3. — In the Middle Ages the town was fortified, and some remains of its ramparts can still be found, in particular the gate  of the old fortified castle  flanked by its two towers , which are now used as a prison.","t11-c1-04-1":"4. — In this whole quarter, which looks very old, only one building is comparatively modern: the customs house . It stands between the quay and the little street  leading to the old town hall . That last building is easy to recognise by the giant belfry  that towers over the old city.","t11-c1-05-1":"5. — On the other side of the street stands a building in the same style as the customs house: it is the exchange . One of its fronts looks on to a small square where the prefecture  is. Our town is not a capital, but it is still an important county town.","t11-tit-2":"The Upper Part of the Town.","t11-c1-06-1":"6. — The garrison, a fairly large one, is housed in vast and very healthy barracks ; they stretch as far as the railings of the municipal park . The boulevard  leading to this park passes behind the savings bank  and comes out on the cathedral  square.","t11-c1-07-1":"7. — All these buildings rise in tiers on a small hill where our large secondary school  also stands.","t11-c1-07-2":"If you go down a slightly sloping road that joins the High Street, you come to the law courts , in front of which lies a pleasant public garden . This square is not very large, but in the middle of the town it makes an oasis of greenery and cool air. So the townspeople use it a lot, and like to come and sit under the awning of the café  to listen to the military band that plays on Thursdays and Sundays in the bandstand  set among the lawns and flower beds.","t11-c1-08-1":"8. — On one of those lawns stands a bronze statue , a monument raised to the memory of one of our townsmen who did great service to the town where he was born.","t11-tit-3":"Getting about.","t11-c1-09-1":"9. — Our town is not yet lit by electric light; it has only gas lamps . But the local press is campaigning for that system of lighting to be improved, just as the tramways’ system of traction has already been improved. The old carriages drawn by horses have been replaced by practical electric trams , which carry passengers quickly from one end of the town to the other at a very low fare.","t11-c1-10-1":"10. — Near the law courts is the bank , where commercial bills are discounted. The bank messengers  go round to people’s homes to collect what is owed.","t11-tit-4":"Art and Learning.","t11-c1-11-1":"11. — The fine building close by is the museum. It houses at once the town library , some fine natural history collections  (a natural history museum) and a graceful picture gallery  that makes a splendid permanent exhibition.","t11-c1-11-2":"It is open to the public twice a week, but visitors can see it any day for a small tip to the attendant . Painters  come to work there. You can see them in front of their easels, palette in hand, copying the famous pictures.","t11-c1-12-1":"12. — On the heights behind the museum you can just make out the dome  of the hospital  and the buildings of the teachers’ training college  where the teachers of our state schools were trained. On Theatre Square there is a post office  housed in a private house .","t11-tit-5":"The Fire.","t11-tit-6":"The Cry of Fire.","t11-c2-01-1":"1. — Alarming news is spreading through the town: fire has just broken out at the theatre! By the time I reach the square , the crowd has already gathered on the pavement  and on the roadway . The postal clerks  and the postmen  are coming out of the post office. A tram driver  has had to stop his tram to let through a municipal ambulance  arriving with a surgeon  and a nurse  to attend to an injured man  carried on a stretcher  to a spot near the newspaper kiosk .","t11-c2-02-1":"2. — A company of infantry on its way back from drill has stopped to help keep order with the mounted municipal guards . The horsemen, whose horses rear up, do better than the soldiers  or the gendarmes  at pushing back the onlookers . The gendarmes have their hands full anyway. One of them is telling the police officers  where to carry another casualty , a brave fireman who has fallen from a ladder.","t11-c2-03-1":"3. — The officer  points out exactly where the steam pump  now arriving must be placed. While waiting for that powerful machine, he has had a hand pump  set up, whose long hose  pours torrents of water on the fire. Six firemen are working it, while their comrade, holding the nozzle , aims the jet  at the heart of the blaze.","t11-c2-04-1":"4. — On the other side of the theatre the big ladder  has been raised. It lets the firemen get close to the flames leaping up amid swirls of black smoke .","t11-tit-7":"Brave Deeds.","t11-c2-05-1":"5. — The fire  started in the foyer of the theatre , during a rehearsal of the opera whose first performance was due tomorrow. Fortunately there were only a few spectators  in the auditorium. The poor people took refuge on the balcony , where brave firemen  are coming to their help with a ladder and ropes.","t11-c2-06-1":"6. — Under the portico , where the playbill  announces the performance, the musicians  of the orchestra  can be seen fleeing, carrying off their instruments: violin , flute , cello , trombone , drum , and so on. People are trying to save part of the furniture .","t11-c2-07-1":"7. — The actors  and actresses , singers both men and women, have had to run out in their stage costumes . The tenor is explaining to a journalist  how it happened. The reporter came running from the very first moment along with the authorities: the prefect , the mayor , the superintendent of police  and a magistrate , who will hold an inquiry to establish where the responsibility lies. ","t12-apar-1":"CHART No. 12 The Station. — The Railways. — The Boats. Note. — The timetables used in each country differ, so we have taken the times of the French chart as our example.","t12-01-1":"1. — I have just made a journey through Germany. Before setting out, I had bought a timetable  to find out the departure times of the trains. Having found that the most convenient train left Paris at nine in the evening and reached Strasbourg at one thirteen, I made ready for my journey, and the next day I had myself driven to the station.","t12-02-1":"2. — When I came into the great departure hall, behind an old country priest  carrying his travelling bag , a good many travellers  had already arrived.","t12-02-2":"As I wanted to send a telegram , I had an inspector  point out the telegraph office  to me.","t12-03-1":"3. — Before going through to the waiting room , I went to get myself a return ticket .","t12-04-1":"4. — I did not wait long at the ticket window , because there were hardly any people there. A soldier  going off on leave kindly gave me his turn, so I had time to ask a few questions of the stationmaster , who was talking with the police superintendent  and the gendarme  on duty.","t12-tit-1":"Registering the luggage.","t12-05-1":"5. — After buying a paper at the bookstall , I had my luggage  weighed — a porter  had just brought it up on a luggage trolley . The clerk  in charge of the weighing machine  told me that my trunk weighed thirty-five kilograms, which made an excess of five kilograms, for which I had to pay a supplement at the luggage window .","t12-06-1":"6. — As I was early, I had time to watch the movement of travellers about the station. Some were leaving or collecting small bags at the left luggage office ; others were consulting the timetables . Arriving travellers hurried towards the exit  with their suitcases  in hand. A few waited at the luggage delivery  and handed over their ticket  to collect their trunks, crates  or baskets .","t12-07-1":"7. — The excise officers  went carefully through the parcels to see whether there was anything to declare.","t12-08-1":"8. — Some travellers made for the refreshment room , where a waiter  was busy serving them. They had to hurry, because the train , an express, would not stay long in the station.","t12-09-1":"9. — Then I went out on to the departure platform and looked for a through carriage  so as not to have to change during the journey. I got into a corridor coach with a compartment  for smokers and one reserved for “ladies travelling alone”.","t12-tit-2":"Setting off by night.","t12-10-1":"10. — After climbing the step , shutting the door , rolling up the blind  and putting my small bags in the luggage rack , I sat down on the seat . Seeing the lamp man  light the lamps, I remembered that I had a night to spend in the carriage and called the attendant in charge of hiring out pillows  to ask him for one.","t12-11-1":"11. — The guard came to check the tickets. I asked him why we had not left, since it was already time. He answered that the train chief  was busy having bicycles put in the luggage van . Besides, not all the foot warmers  had been changed yet.","t12-12-1":"12. — But we were about to leave: the fireman , up on his tender , was taking coal to stoke the fire of the locomotive , and the driver  was waiting only for the signal from the assistant stationmaster , who stood on the platform .","t12-13-1":"13. — The boiler  of the locomotive rumbled dully; the funnel  threw out torrents of smoke mixed with steam . A shrill whistle  rang out and the pistons  began to move, driving the wheels  of the heavy machine.","t12-tit-3":"Off we go!","t12-14-1":"14. — The train, running on the rails , picked up speed; the platforms  came to an end; we passed the lavatories , and also a line of carriages standing on another track : sleeping cars , a restaurant car , a mail van .","t12-15-1":"15. — Then the goods station  passed before our eyes. Under the sheds, clerks were loading the goods  sent by slow train. Shunters  near the water tower  were moving cattle trucks  and flat wagons  to make up a goods train .","t12-16-1":"16. — We crossed the last points , beside which the signalman was standing; we passed the signal  and the station vanished into the distance.","t12-17-1":"17. — Soon we went out on to the iron bridge  that crosses the river . Once over the bridge, we ran along the river, on which powerful tugs  were pulling heavy barges . We also saw a passenger boat  just coming alongside a landing stage .","t12-18-1":"18. — After racing through several stations, we went through a few tunnels  and left behind us countless cottages  belonging to the crossing keepers. Rocked by the swaying of the train, I fell into a deep sleep.","t12-tit-4":"Deutsch-Avricourt Station.","t12-19-1":"19. — I was suddenly woken by the voice of an official shouting: “Deutsch-Avricourt! All change!” It was the customs inspection and all the tiresome formalities of the frontier. I had to set my watch by the station clock , which was fifty-five minutes fast; barely awake, I could hardly tell the big hand  from the little one ; the face  itself was quite blurred by the morning mist.","t12-20-1":"20. — While the customs officers went through their inspection, I yawned my way through the posters  that decorate the station walls. I had breakfast to pass the time, consulted the map of the German network  to see how far I still was from Strasbourg, and got back into my carriage, heartened by the hope of soon reaching my journey’s end. ","t13-apar-1":"CHART No. 13 The Hotel. — The Restaurant. — The Café.","t13-01-1":"1. — I got to Royan yesterday evening and checked in at the Ocean Hotel, which a friend had recommended.","t13-01-2":"I was given a fine room  on the second floor , where I slept very well .","t13-02-1":"2. — This morning, on leaving my room, where the maid  had brought me my breakfast, I went into the smoking room , which also serves as a reading room , to look through the newspapers  while smoking a cigarette . When I had finished reading, I went down in the lift  and set off for a walk through the town.","t13-03-1":"3. — As I had forgotten to ask the hotel clerk  at what time meals were served at the table d’hôte , I came back early and took the chance to have a bath in the hotel bathroom . Then I went back to the cash desk  to telephone one of my friends. But the telephone  was engaged; seeing that I was at a loss, the cashier , who was entering a bill  in the guest register , asked the hall porter  to send the page boy  to run my errand on his bicycle .","t13-04-1":"4. — I thanked her and went out to tip the porter  (the odd-job man), who had brought from the station on his handcart  my hatbox , my suitcase  and my travelling bag . The postman , arriving just then, handed me a letter .","t13-05-1":"5. — I stayed a little longer on the doorstep, near the letterbox , watching the traffic in the street. The driver  of the omnibus  was loading on to his vehicle the trunk  of a guest  to whom the hotel keeper  was saying goodbye. A young telegraph boy  was bringing, in no hurry at all, a telegram  for one of the hotel’s guests; a tourist , with his camera  slung over his shoulder, was consulting his guidebook .","t13-tit-1":"Lunchtime.","t13-06-1":"6. — In front of the railings, a placid errand man  was dozing between his carrying hooks  and his shoeshine box , while a young laundress  carrying a basket  of linen laughed at the solemn air of the head waiter  standing by the door.","t13-07-1":"7. — The sight of the cook , who had come out of his kitchen  in the basement  to send a kitchen boy  on an errand, reminded me that lunchtime was near, and I went to the restaurant across the yard, where a motorist  was parking his car  while a mechanic  was repairing, on instructions from the cyclist , a motor tricycle  that had just had an accident.","t13-08-1":"8. — I asked a young groom  carrying glasses of beer  whether the table d’hôte was under the veranda, and when he said it was, I took a seat at one of the tables and had an excellent meal.","t13-tit-2":"An excellent lunch.","t13-09-1":"9. — The waiter brought me the lunch menu and the wine list. I made my choice and ordered prawns with butter as a starter, and, for the first course, tripe Caen style. I had no fish, but asked for a portion of leg of lamb and, as a vegetable, creamed spinach. Then, since none of the sweet courses appealed to me, I had them bring a variety of desserts: cheese, fruit and biscuits. I added an excellent Saint-Émilion wine, and, very pleased with my meal, I left the table after giving the waiter  a handsome tip .","t13-10-1":"10. — Seeing that I was ready to leave, the manager  suggested I step out on to the balcony to admire the splendid panorama of the ocean . In the distance you could make out small fishing boats , sailing ships  and an enormous liner  whose black silhouette stood out against the white clouds  on the horizon . A light breeze stirred the flag  planted above the sign  of the hall .","t13-tit-3":"Amusements.","t13-11-1":"11. — The sight was so interesting that I decided to go up on to the café terrace the next day, taking with me a pair of opera glasses  or a telescope .","t13-12-1":"12. — On leaving the balcony I went to the hotel café for a drink  and a game of billiards . I walked straight through the café room, where many customers were playing chess , draughts , dominoes , backgammon  or cards , and went straight up to the billiard room .","t13-13-1":"13. — When the game was over, I went down to the ground floor and asked the waiter for an envelope , some paper , a postage stamp , a pen  and some ink  to write a letter.","t13-13-2":"Then I called a coachman  whose carriage  had stopped in front of the café. I asked him his price by the hour and by the trip, and when we had agreed, he opened the carriage door  for me and settled me inside. He climbed back on to his seat , started the horses briskly with his whip , and off we went for a delightful drive. ","t14-apar-1":"CHART No. 14","t14-tit-1":"The Street. — The Tradespeople.","t14-01-1":"1. — My friend John, who lives in the country, has come to spend three days with my family. Until now he had never had the chance to see a big town, so we are spending all our days walking about and I explain to him whatever he does not know.","t14-02-1":"2. — First we went to see the observatory , which interested him greatly. Coming back along the street  where the Turkish baths  are, we met a funeral . At the head of the funeral procession walked the clergy, ahead of the hearse in which the coffin had been placed. Many friends followed the family in mourning.","t14-02-2":"After the procession had passed, we crossed the street in front of the big brasserie , where many customers were drinking beer on the terrace, sheltered by the glazed awning .","t14-03-1":"3. — John was puzzled by the coat of arms set between the shop of the wine and spirits merchant  and that of the music seller . He asked me what it meant; I told him it marked the English consulate , and pointed out the consul  standing on the balcony.","t14-tit-2":"Looking at the shops.","t14-04-1":"4. — Naturally we stopped in front of the display of musical instruments, harmoniums, organs and pianos; we looked at the illustrated covers of the scores and the piano pieces, and admired the gilded wooden lyre used as a shop sign.","t14-05-1":"5. — The clouds of dust raised by the street sweepers  and the sweeping machine  forced us to hurry past the fine suites of furniture at the furniture dealer’s  and past the display of stoves and lamps at the ironmonger’s .","t14-06-1":"6. — At that spot we did have to leave the pavement, because it was blocked by parcels being taken off a removal van  to be carried into a shop  that had just been let.","t14-06-2":"That stopped us seeing the fine carriages at the coachbuilder’s , but not from stopping to watch the packer  making a crate for his neighbour, the cycle and car dealer . Then, as it was already rather late, we went home.","t14-tit-3":"A walk through the town.","t14-07-1":"7. — The next day my mother suggested that John should have his photograph taken, and asked me to go with him to the photographer’s . After lunch we went to the artist’s studio, where we had to wait a good while. To pass the time we looked at the portraits  hanging on the wall.","t14-07-2":"When our turn came it did not take long, and as soon as my friend had finished posing in front of the camera , we went back down.","t14-08-1":"8. — On the first floor we saw, through the open door of the hairdresser’s , his assistant cutting a customer’s hair.","t14-08-2":"Out in the street again, we passed the tobacconist’s . John was so amused by the red lantern  and the big pipe used as a sign  that he bumped into two old gentlemen chatting over a pinch of snuff .","t14-tit-4":"The cake shop.","t14-09-1":"9. — The banknotes and coins of every country displayed in the window of the money changer’s  held our attention for a moment, but as it was teatime we went into the pastry cook’s  without stopping any longer.","t14-10-1":"10. — At the sight of all the good things the shop held — cakes, gingerbread, biscuits and sweets of every kind — we could hardly choose. In the end John settled on the cream cakes, and I took only a small cherry tart, because sweet things give me toothache and I would rather not visit the dentist  too often.","t14-tit-5":"Typewriting.","t14-11-1":"11. — To show my friend a typewriter, which he had heard of but never seen, we went into the office  of my cousin . We found him dictating his letters to his secretary , who is a shorthand writer. A letter was hardly finished before a typist  copied it out on his machine. We did not want to interrupt his work, so we only stayed a few minutes.","t14-12-1":"12. — Below my cousin’s office lives a great clockmaker and jeweller  who is a silversmith as well. His splendid shop holds many clocks, mantel clocks, watches, chains and costly jewels, such as pearl necklaces, gold bracelets, earrings and rings set with precious stones and diamonds. One of the windows is given over entirely to silverware and holds a large collection of silver cutlery.","t14-13-1":"13. — Turning the corner of the street, I noticed that the nameplate  beside the number of the house had been changed. I was about to say so out loud when we heard the cheerful sound of a military band. We began to run towards the regiment, without thinking that it was going to pass in front of the shops of the hatter  and the glover , and that we would have been just as well placed to watch it march past by staying in front of the window of the optician , full of pince-nez, spectacles and opera glasses.","t14-tit-6":"The march past.","t14-14-1":"14. — At the head of the regiment  marched the drum major , followed by the drummers , the buglers  and the whole band. The general , who was on the square with his aide-de-camp, had stopped beside the fountain jet  of the fountain  to watch the parade.","t14-14-2":"The staff officers , the colonel and the lieutenant colonel saluted him with their swords. The majors were at the head of their battalions  and each captain commanded his company, while the lieutenants, second lieutenants and non-commissioned officers took their usual places beside their men.","t14-15-1":"15. — Many passers-by had gathered at the crossroads ; the shopkeepers — the umbrella seller , the dyer , the gunsmith  — came out to see the soldiers. Every vehicle — cabs , private carriages  and the water cart  as well — drew up along the pavement.","t14-tit-7":"Scenes in the street.","t14-15-2":"A commercial traveller  carrying his sample cases in his hand crossed the street briskly, and the people sitting on the upper deck  of the omnibus  turned round to enjoy the sight. A poor street singer  with his barrel organ  had to break off his song, because the noise of the drums drowned his voice.","t14-16-1":"16. — When the regiment came in front of the draper’s shop , the seamstresses  and the tailors  left their sewing machines and their work to look out of the window. The shopkeeper , who had just put new suits  in his window display, had to move the rolls of cloth  and linen set out on the pavement, near the drain opening , for fear the crowd would knock them over; even an old pedlar , who had a caretaker haggling with him over some stockings, had to step into a hallway to finish his sale.","t14-16-2":"We went with the regiment as far as the barracks and, very pleased with our day, came home at dinner time.","t14-tit-8":"Various trades and professions.","t14-17-1":"17. — The next day my father offered to take us round the printing works of the local paper. We accepted enthusiastically.","t14-17-2":"The printer is also a bookseller , publisher, stationer and bookbinder. He has put on the first floor the editorial office  of the paper, and also the engraving room, where the lithographers  and the copper engravers  work, and finally the composing room, where the compositors  are. The press room  proper, the printing presses and the various machines, are on the ground floor.","t14-tit-9":"John asks a great many questions.","t14-18-1":"18. — On leaving the printing works, John stopped, greatly puzzled, in front of a small glass box mounted on a pillar opposite the haberdasher’s , and asked what it was for. My father explained that it was a fire alarm . Indeed everything in the town was a wonder to my friend, from the plain drinking fountain  and the light delivery tricycle  ridden by a page boy  in livery, to the mail van .","t14-19-1":"19. — While my father left us for a moment to speak to the tax collector , who had stopped to talk with a barrister  and a notary , we amused ourselves following the traffic in the street. The most varied people passed before us: a pastry cook’s boy , carrying a splendid pie in a basket, came behind a clothes dealer ; a lamplighter  was talking with a gas fitter ; a nun  holding a little orphan girl by the hand was going back to her convent.","t14-tit-10":"On our way home.","t14-20-1":"20. — Just as my father rejoined us, John burst out laughing at the grimy faces and the odd get-up of two chimney sweeps  black with soot.","t14-21-1":"21. — I wanted to buy a plant for my mother from the florist , but my father pointed out that it would be very heavy to carry and that it would be better to get some oranges. We went up to the stallholder , and when the governess , who was choosing some for her young charge, had finished her purchase, we were served.","t14-22-1":"22. — On our way home we met several people we knew: an old friend of my family, leaning on the arm of her lady companion , the engineer  of roads and bridges, and one of my cousins with her nursemaid .","t14-22-2":"Then we passed my mother’s milliner  and two monks  who were strangers to the town, and who came up to ask my father the way to the station. ","t15-apar-1":"CHART No. 15","t15-tit-1":"The Market. — Food.","t15-01-1":"1. — Most of the traders who supply us with the food we need are gathered under the hall  of the covered market, or in the neighbouring streets.","t15-02-1":"2. — The pork butcher , who sells ham , black pudding , sausage , chitterling sausage  and bacon , stands next to the butter and cheese seller , whose stall is laid out with red-rinded Dutch cheeses , Camemberts , great wheels of Gruyère  and fresh pats of butter .","t15-03-1":"3. — In front of her, a vegetable seller  offers her customers fine tomatoes , cauliflowers , lettuce , cabbages , pumpkins , melons  and even mushrooms . But a brewer’s man, who has stopped his delivery cart  loaded with beer barrels  right in front of her stall, is stopping her customers getting near. A market gardener is bringing her a basket of artichokes .","t15-tit-2":"Selling and Buying.","t15-04-1":"4. — The market is bustling, because it is time for the auction . The housewives  who come here to do their shopping stop on their way in front of the stall of the tripe seller  to buy tripe or a calf’s head.","t15-05-1":"5. — A stout cook  is haggling over a very fine tuna with the fishmonger , who puts her prices up as she pleases. She has had a big delivery of eels, sole, trout and carp. Her cod and her mussels are very fresh.","t15-tit-3":"Cheap goods and dear.","t15-06-1":"6. — The poultry seller , set up beside her, is very honest. When she sells a turkey, a goose, a duck or a plain chicken, she asks no more than the fair price.","t15-07-1":"7. — At the corner of the square, on the first floor, a linen draper  has recently set up shop, where buyers are always sure to find a very fine choice of tablecloths, napkins, aprons and tea towels. On the same floor, a cutler  has set up his workshop. He sharpens the knives of the market women and makes the gardeners pruning hooks out of the hardest steel.","t15-tit-4":"The Grocery.","t15-08-1":"8. — Below his workshop a large food shop opened not long ago. It is no longer the plain, modest grocer’s shop  of former days, which sold only everyday goods — tea , chocolate , loaf sugar  and soap . Here everything is sold: crisp biscuits, preserves , liqueurs , rum, brandy, kirsch, anisette and curaçao. Game is just as easy to find here — hare , thrushes , partridges , quail , wild duck  or pheasant  — as tropical fruit such as bananas  and pineapples.","t15-09-1":"9. — A very obliging grocer’s assistant  is ready to hand over whatever is asked for: jam , redcurrant or quince, dripping , gherkins  or salted sardines .","t15-09-2":"That is very handy for the customers , who find, next to the most ordinary goods, the rarest early produce and the tastiest fruit: juicy pears , plums , grapes , peaches , almonds  and walnuts .","t15-tit-5":"The Customers.","t15-10-1":"10. — The rice  and the lentils  stand beside the box of smoked herrings ; the potato  and the bean  sit next to the apples , figs , prunes  and hazelnuts . This shop sells fresh eggs  and olives  too, so baskets  and string bags  fill up very fast indeed.","t15-11-1":"11. — The coffee  of this excellent firm has earned a well-deserved name among the maids  and the cooks, because the old grocer  roasts it himself with the greatest care.","t15-tit-6":"Things to see.","t15-12-1":"12. — Not everyone comes to the market to buy provisions. In the picturesque coming and going of the little street that leads to the hall, you see the most varied people. Beside a good-natured slaughterhouse man  pushing a wheelbarrow  in front of him, there are two soldiers on leave, very proud to show off their bright uniforms: the hussar  in his blue dolman and plumed shako, and the corporal of Zouaves in baggy breeches with a fez on his head.","t15-13-1":"13. — The baker , standing on the doorstep of the bakery , has just kneaded the dough for his bread  and taken out of the oven the croissants , the rolls  and the round loaves  that are in the window.","t15-14-1":"14. — Above the bakery lives a skilful seamstress  who employs several embroiderers . Next to her lives a laundress and ironer , who starches the linen  after washing and drying it, and presses it with an iron .","t15-tit-7":"Meat, fish and vegetables.","t15-15-1":"15. — In the butcher’s shop  on the ground floor, meat of every kind is sold — mutton , beef  or veal  — as legs of lamb, steaks, joints and chops. The butcher’s boy  cuts up all this meat and sets aside the marrowbones . At the door of the butcher’s stands an oyster seller  who sells oysters . She will open them for you if you like.","t15-16-1":"16. — All these traders pay a licence or a pitch fee; that is why the policeman  shows no mercy to the poor street vegetable sellers , who compete with them by carrying about on their barrows carrots, radishes, turnips, leeks or bundles of asparagus, fresh peas, spinach, sorrel, watercress and parsley.","t15-tit-8":"Look out for the policeman!","t15-17-1":"17. — The boy selling garlic  and onions knows very well that he too is not allowed to sell his goods near the market. He runs off, at the risk of upsetting the basket of crabs, crayfish and shrimps belonging to the seller  of spiny lobsters and lobsters.","t15-18-1":"18. — Everyone is bustling about and making a great din; but you can still hear clearly the call of the travelling glazier , nor the cry of the coalman , who has just left his cart for a moment to deliver a sack of coal . ","t16-apar-1":"CHART No. 16 The Department Store. — The Bazaar. — The Toys.","t16-01-1":"1. — The new year is coming. The big shops have got ready their displays of toys  and new year presents.","t16-01-2":"I asked my grandfather to take me to the bazaar to see this fine display, and he agreed.","t16-02-1":"2. — First we stopped in front of some handsome trophies of arms holding a rifle, a peaked cap, a sabre, a sword belt and a pair of epaulettes, or else a helmet, a breastplate  and a pistol . All that interested me far more than the magic lanterns .","t16-tit-1":"Fine sights.","t16-03-1":"3. — In the same department there was a sentry  in his sentry box; he seemed to be standing guard over a whole cardboard menagerie. What a lot of animals there were! A parrot  on its perch, a rhinoceros  with a horn on its nose, a reindeer , an ostrich , a monkey  cracking a nut, a fox  carrying off a hen, a crocodile  gaping with its enormous jaws, a camel , an elegant greyhound , a panther , and then two beasts I did not know, which are, I am told, a weasel  and a hyena . There was also a leopard  and a wolf ; close by were sweet little rats  and tiny rubber mice . Lastly a hippopotamus  and a humped dromedary  completed the collection. I would have stayed there for hours if a splendid camp full of tin soldiers  nearby had not caught my eye.","t16-tit-2":"Soldiers and war.","t16-04-1":"4. — My grandfather, who is a disabled veteran  and had to leave the army after a wound that earned him the military medal, loves to tell me about the campaigns he took part in. He was delighted to explain to me the various movements of the little army in miniature. A group of real soldiers visiting the bazaar — an engineer , an alpine light infantryman  in his beret, an infantry sergeant major  and an artillery sergeant  with a gold stripe on his sleeve — stopped near us to listen to the explanations.","t16-05-1":"5. — My grandfather, very proud to have such a distinguished audience, improvised a whole plan of battle.","t16-05-2":"The fortified town, with its ramparts and ditches, was besieged by the enemy army, which, after a long bombardment, was preparing to storm it. But the besieged, driven to it by hunger, had attempted a sortie against the camp of the besiegers. Having beaten off the attack in a fierce fight around the tents, the victorious besiegers sent their squadrons in pursuit of the defeated attackers. The latter retreated, leaving the battlefield strewn with the dead and the wounded. Stretcher bearers carried the wounded off to the field hospital to be tended by the surgeon.","t16-05-3":"Despite the heroic resistance of a few battalions that had formed square, the defeat was complete; the rest of the army fled, leaving many prisoners behind. The enemy was about to crown its victory by taking the town. Perhaps that would be the end of the campaign, and after an armistice a peace treaty could be signed.","t16-tit-3":"New year presents.","t16-06-1":"6. — The young soldiers, who laughed as they listened to the veteran’s colourful tale, asked him a few more questions. As for me, I walked round the counter to look at a fine crossbow  and a bow  with its arrow . There I found another collection of animals: two songbirds , a clockwork nightingale and warbler singing at the top of their voices, and a series of strange beasts — a bat , a boa , a tortoise , a seal , a whale  and a shark  made of goldbeater’s skin.","t16-07-1":"7. — I did not stop long to look at them, because I had caught sight of the thing I had been dreaming of: a magnificent puppet theatre  with splendid scenery and a delightful red curtain. On stage, two actors seemed to be playing a part in a most interesting play, because the little cardboard spectators in the boxes, or seated in the stalls and in the pit behind the conductor, were applauding warmly.","t16-07-2":"Sadly, that theatre was very expensive.","t16-08-1":"8. — Choosing among the toys was difficult anyway, because the windows were piled with toys of every kind: Harlequin , Punch , Pierrot , owls  flapping their wings, whistling blackbirds , barking poodles, a gramophone  and puzzles. I loved one of these toys: it showed a sea battle  in which a ship is attacked by pirates off a shore planted with coconut palms.","t16-09-1":"9. — I could look at all these wonders quite at my leisure, because there were only a few people in the store — barely a handful of idlers, a dragoon , and a collector  presenting a bill of exchange at the main cash desk .","t16-10-1":"10. — I asked my grandfather what the books on the shelves behind the cashier were for; he told me they were the account books.","t16-tit-4":"Gazing round the shop.","t16-11-1":"11. — Leaving the toy department, we went to the saddlery to glance at the saddles , stirrups , bridles , bits  and riding crops. While the department manager  gave my grandfather some information, I went to look at the display of china and glassware , where there were fine salad bowls and delicate teapots .","t16-12-1":"12. — To go up to the first floor, we passed behind the window of the corsets , next to the hosiery, where very fine drawers  were laid out. Nearby, a shop assistant  was helping a customer  choose fine silk fabrics .","t16-12-2":"As I went up the stairs, I noticed that the store was decorated with Japanese lanterns , parasols  and enormous palms .","t16-13-1":"13. — On the first floor there was not much to see: only furniture , safes , chests of drawers  and prams . But the general view of the store was very entertaining.","t16-14-1":"14. — Below us I could see the musical instruments: harps , guitars , mandolins , cornets , clarinets , violins with their bows  and even a bass drum . A little further on, at the stationery counter, a student  was haggling with the shop assistant  over a document case. Near them I could make out a fine alphabet book .","t16-14-2":"In the middle of the store stood a tall Christmas tree  hung all over with candles, trinkets and toys of every kind: wooden horses , dolls , and so on.","t16-14-3":"The perfumery , with its tooth washes and its various perfumes, gave off a very pleasant smell that rose to us.","t16-tit-5":"We buy something.","t16-15-1":"15. — My grandfather was starting to get bored, so we went back down the great staircase. He stopped for a moment in front of an astronomy chart  showing, he told me, comets , eclipses of the moon and the sun , a compass rose with the four cardinal points (north, south, east and west), a map of the two hemispheres , the planets and the solar system . I understood none of it, and I was far more interested in the braided livery of a delivery boy  who went by, and in the pretty fans  beside me, next to the purses  and the wallets .","t16-16-1":"16. — I also admired on the counter some feathers  and belt buckles , and the pretty artificial flowers  gracefully arranged in baskets. The violets, wallflowers, hyacinths , geraniums , lilies  and nasturtiums  were very well imitated.","t16-tit-6":"Grandfather’s present.","t16-17-1":"17. — I asked my grandfather to buy me one of the toothbrushes  in a box beside the hairpins . He agreed, and I went myself to pay for my purchase at the cash desk, beside which a large parcel  was being made up for a customer .","t16-18-1":"18. — Suddenly there was a slight commotion among the people standing near the artistic bronzes . A thief  had just been caught in the act by a store detective  while trying to rob someone. A policeman was sent for to arrest him, and just as we were leaving, the culprit was being led off to the police station. "},"noto":{"t01-noto-1":"(*) For first names it is also recommended to transcribe them in their Latin form. That is the only way to avoid countless variants. And how else would you choose between Giovanni, Jean, Johann, Jan, Hans, John, Ivan, and so on? Do we really want a separate dictionary of first names? Let’s take the Latin nominative and say: Ioannes, Ioanna; Iulius, Iulia; Iakobus; Andreas; Lukas. (Complete Grammar).","t02-noto-1":"(*) Children’s games often have purely national names. We have named them in Ido as best we could, either by drawing on the very action that characterises them, or by adopting the national name of one country or another when it is not too misleading. For example: the barrel game (German and French) is the toad in the hole  (English), in which the players try to throw their round discs through the mouth of the metal toad that stands gaping on the pierced box (barrel). Shoulder-leap  differs from leapfrog only in this: to jump over the head, the players rest their hands on their partner’s shoulders, whereas in “leapfrog” they rest their hands only on his back. — Or again, some of the players bend over while the others vault over their backs with their hands on their shoulders; the first must take the shock without giving way, the second must jump without losing their balance (see the chart itself).","t05-noto-1":"(*) Balk-o = German Balken, English joist, French solive, Italian travicello, Russian balka, Spanish and Portuguese viga. A technical root not yet adopted, but proposed here to render the sense of the French word solive, which is neither a trabo (French poutre) nor a small beam. It is a squared timber that carries a floor and a ceiling.","t06-noto-1":"(*) Babo = a small child; English baby, French bébé, Italian bambino.","t06-noto-2":"(*) Lambrequino = French lambrequin, Spanish lambrequines, Portuguese lambrequins, and even German and English lambrequins — so German, English, French, Portuguese and Spanish alike.","t07-noto-1":"(*) For the details of a meal, see charts 6 and 13.","t08-noto-1":"(*) Because this word is imprecise: is it a flax harvest, a grape harvest, an apple harvest? It might be better to use “ mesono ”, proposed in Mondo XIV, p. 242. But so far that new root has not been adopted by the Academy and awaits discussion under the usual rules of the Ido movement.","t12-noto-1":"(*) Note. — The journey is of course described as it was along the pre-war frontier.","t13-noto-1":"(*) For the details of the bedroom, see chart no. 6.","t13-noto-2":"(*) With the help of the list of dishes given in the vocabulary, the teacher can easily vary the menu below.","t16-noto-1":"(*) See chart no. 6."}}