{"t01-apar-0":"EXPLANATORY BOOKLET FOR the Delmas Auxiliary Charts ❦ FIRST SERIES","t01-apar-1":"CHART No. 1 The School. — The Secondary School. — The Classroom.","t01-tit-1":"General description.","t01-01-1":"1. — This chart shows a **classroom** in a **secondary school**. In this classroom there are eight **tables** (18) and eight **benches** (32) . Three pupils sit on each bench. The **teacher** (7) sits on a **chair** (8) at his **desk** (6) .","t01-02-1":"2. — To the left of the desk stands a glass-fronted **cabinet** (15) . To the right is the **blackboard** (1) with the **cloth** (2) and the **chalk** (3) .","t01-02-2":"Above the desk hang **wall charts** ( 9 , 11 , 12 ) and a **map** (10) .","t01-03-1":"3. — Not all the pupils are in their **seats** (17) . John (4) is standing at the board; he is holding the cloth and wiping off the **geometrical figures**.","t01-03-2":"Peter is near the desk; he is collecting the **written exercises** (5) and bringing them to the teacher.","t01-04-1":"4. — This teacher is the teacher of **modern languages**. He teaches the pupils to speak, read and write foreign languages **(German, English, Spanish, Italian, Russian** or **French)**.","t01-05-1":"5. — The classroom is very large and very bright. At the far end there is a wide **window** with two **transom windows** (78) and a **glazed door** to air it and light it.","t01-05-2":"This classroom is not cold. In the middle, to heat it, there is a very good **stove** (46) with its **pipe** (45) .","t01-05-3":"**Coat hooks** (58) are fixed to the partition; the pupils’ hats and coats hang from them.","t01-tit-2":"The playground.","t01-06-1":"6. — The **clock** (63) says five past nine.","t01-06-2":"**Break** (76) has just ended and the lesson is starting again. Break is held in the **yard** (75) . We can see a few pupils playing. An **assistant master** (74) is supervising them.","t01-07-1":"7. — In the yard we can also see various other people: the **inspector** (73) , the **headmaster** (71) and the **deputy head** (72) .","t01-07-2":"The inspector inspects the schools, the headmaster runs the school, the deputy head oversees the pupils’ work.","t01-07-3":"The fourth figure is the **caretaker** (77) . He is carrying a register under his arm to record the absentees.","t01-08-1":"8. — At the far end of the yard are the **gymnastic apparatus** (70) and the workshop for **handicrafts** (69) .","t01-08-2":"To the right of the chart we can just make out the **classrooms** for **music** and **drawing**.","t01-tit-3":"Detailed description.","t01-tit-4":"The good pupils.","t01-09-1":"9. — The pupils on the first bench to the right of the desk are **Henry** (*) , **Stephen** and **Charles**.","t01-09-2":"Henry is very attentive and hard-working; he is listening to the teacher. On his table he has an **exercise book** (28) , a **book** (29) , a **dictionary** (30) and a **pencil case** (31) . His book has many **pages**; each chapter contains several **paragraphs** and each **line** many **words**.","t01-09-4":"His neighbor Stephen (24) is keen. He is writing down in his exercise book the lesson set for next time. He has fine **handwriting**. His book is closed. We can see only the **cover** (27) . Beside him lies his pair of **compasses** (26) .","t01-09-5":"Charles (23) is holding his book in his hand; he is opening it to go over his lesson again. Like every pupil, he has an **inkwell** (25) in front of him. He is obedient.","t01-10-1":"10. — At the next table are **Louis, Anthony** and **Paul**. Louis is reciting his **lesson** (22) and answering the teacher’s **questions**. Anthony (21) is very inattentive; sometimes the teacher even punishes him. Paul (20) is a good friend, pleasant and obliging. He is very attentive.","t01-tit-5":"The bad pupils.","t01-11-1":"11. — Behind Henry sits **George** (38) . He is not a bad lad, but he is **talkative**, inattentive and fidgety. His **frivolity** and **disobedience** cause **disruption** during the lesson, and he often deserves a stern **warning**. His **rough book** (35) is dirty, he covers it with **ink blots** from his **pen** (34) , which is why he always uses his **eraser** (36) ; his **satchel** (33) is torn, because he is very careless. Why does he bring his **pencil holder** (37) to the modern languages classroom?","t01-11-2":"His neighbor Edmund (39) does not like him. He is admittedly a little lazy, but he is quiet and still. He does not chatter; only, instead of listening, he prefers to read the **stories** in his **reader**.","t01-11-3":"The third pupil on this bench is **Ludovic** (40) . He is diligent. He is writing on a white **sheet of paper**. In front of him he has laid his **blotting paper** (41) .","t01-12-1":"12. — The pupils on the second bench, to the teacher’s left, are very young. The first, little **Emil**, cannot write well yet; he brings his **slate** (42) , his **slate pencil** and his **sponge** (43) .","t01-12-2":"Next to him are **Augustus** and **Bernard** (44) . The latter works well, but his **appearance** is very untidy.","t01-13-1":"13. — Behind them sit three **idlers**. **Albert** does not learn his lessons. **James** (47) is asleep instead of listening. His **idleness** earns him **reprimands** and even **punishments**. Lastly **Christian** (48) is far too flippant. He **behaves** badly and makes no effort to mend his ways.","t01-14-1":"14. — Their neighbors, by contrast, are well behaved. **Ernest** (51) likes order and regularity; he always uses his **ruler** (50) and his **pencil** (49) . He is a **day pupil**.","t01-14-2":"**Francis** (52) is a **boarder**; he wears the uniform, and eats and sleeps at the school. He is a good **friend**.","t01-14-3":"Maurice is sharpening his **pencil** with his **penknife** (56) ; he is very careful.","t01-14-4":"He brings all his books, his **grammar** (55) , his **notebook** (54) , and even a **writing pad** (53) . His **school bag** (57) is on the floor behind him.","t01-14-5":"The two tables at the back of the classroom are taken by **good pupils** (19) .","t01-tit-6":"Drawing and music.","t01-15-1":"15. — In the **drawing class** there are fine **models** hung on the wall and a **lamp** (62) with a **shade**, hanging from the ceiling. The **teacher** (60) is very patient; he corrects the pupils’ **drawings** (61) and teaches them to draw a **bust** (59) from life.","t01-16-1":"16. — The **music room** looks very interesting. There you learn to read **music**, to sight-sing the **scale notes** (67) written on the **stave** (do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si = C. D. E. F. G. A. B.), to recognise the **clefs** and to sing beautiful **melodies**. The scores are placed on the **music stand** (65) . One of the pupils is **playing the piano** (64) and the **music teacher** (66) is **beating time** (68) .","t01-17-1":"17. — We can just see a corner of the **workshop** for **handicrafts** (69) , where the boys can learn to plane wood and file iron. Not every school has one.","t01-tit-7":"The science room.","t01-18-1":"18. — The mathematics teacher teaches the pupils **geometry,** **arithmetic, calculation** and the **metric system**. On the chart we can see the main geometrical figures: a **circle** (a) , a **square** (b) , a **triangle** (c) , a **line** (d) .","t01-18-2":"We can also see a **sum**; it is not an **addition**, nor a **subtraction**, nor a **multiplication**: it is a **division** (e) .","t01-19-1":"19. — On the metric system chart we can see: a **meter** (a) , a **balance** (b) and its **weights**, a **liter** (e) , a **decaliter** (f) , a **deciliter** and a **cubic meter** (d) .","t01-19-2":"The pupils also study **natural science** (11) — zoology (a) , botany (b) , geology (c) — and **history** (12) .","t01-19-3":"In the cabinet are the instruments for **physics** (15) and for **chemistry** (16) .","t01-19-4":"On top of the cabinet are: a **sphere** (14) , a **cone** and a **globe** (13) .","t01-19-5":"Above the charts hangs a **map** showing the five parts of the world: **Europe** (e) , **Asia** (g) , **Africa** (f) , **America** ( a b ) and **Oceania** (h) , and the two great oceans, the **Pacific** (c) and the **Atlantic** (d) .","t02-apar-1":"CHART No. 2 The Human Body. — Break. — Games.","t02-tit-0":"The Human Body. *(A simple natural science lesson.)*","t02-01-1":"1. — The main parts of the human body are: the **head**, the **trunk** and the **limbs**.","t02-tit-1":"The Head.","t02-02-1":"2. — The head has two parts: the **skull**, which holds the **brain** and is covered by the **hair**, and the **face**.","t02-03-1":"3. — In our drawing we can see neither the skull nor the brain; but we can see the important parts of the face very clearly.","t02-04-1":"4. — First comes the **forehead**, which suggests a powerful intellect and a mind always at work. The **temples** are very open. The **eye** is lively and wide open. A thick **eyebrow** and long **eyelashes** shield it.","t02-05-1":"5. — Then come the **nose** and the **nostrils**. We use the nose to smell and to breathe. On either side of the nose are the **cheeks**, and further out the **ears**. The lower part of the face consists of the **mouth** and the **chin**.","t02-06-1":"6. — We cannot see them very well, because the **mustache** and the **beard** hide them from us. But we know that the mouth has the two **lips**, the **upper jaw** and the **lower jaw** with their **teeth**, and the **tongue**. With the mouth we speak and eat. With the tongue we taste our food.","t02-07-1":"7. — The eye, the ear, the nose and the mouth are, together with the fingers, the organs of the five senses: **sight**, **hearing**, **smell**, **taste** and **touch**.","t02-08-1":"8. — The head is therefore one of the most interesting parts of the human body.","t02-tit-2":"The Trunk.","t02-09-1":"9. — The **neck** joins the head to the trunk. It includes the **throat** and the **nape**.","t02-10-1":"10. — The trunk also holds many essential organs. In the **chest** are the **lungs**, with which we breathe, and the **heart**, which is the center of life. When the heart stops beating, the living creature dies.","t02-11-1":"11. — The **ribs** support the chest.","t02-12-1":"12. — The other parts of the trunk are the **side**, the **back**, the **shoulders** and the **abdomen** (belly). We lie on our side or on our back to sleep, and we carry loads on our shoulder.","t02-13-1":"13. — In the abdomen are the **stomach** and the **intestines**. They are what digests our food.","t02-tit-3":"The Limbs.","t02-14-1":"14. — We have four **limbs**: two **arms** and two **legs**. With our arms we take, hold, lift and gather up objects; with our legs we stand, walk and run.","t02-15-1":"15. — The **shoulder** joins the arm to the body. A very sturdy **muscle**, the biceps, moves the arm, which the **elbow** joins to the **forearm**. The **wrist** forms the joint of the **hand**, which ends in the **fingers** and the **nails**. On the hand we can make out a **vein** (and an artery) in which the **blood** flows.","t02-16-1":"16. — The parts of the leg are: the **thigh**, the **knee** and the **back of the knee**, the **calf**, whose **flesh** is covered by the **skin**, the **ankle** and the **foot**. The **bones** of the leg are very thick and very strong. At the end of the foot are the **toes**. The other parts are the **sole** and the **heel**.","t02-17-1":"17. — That is a nearly complete description of the human body.","t02-17-2":"*Note.* — *With the help of the phrase “my ... hurts (my head, and so on)”, the teacher can go over this whole vocabulary again from the point of view of good or bad* **bodily health**.","t02-tit-4":"Gymnastics. *(Told by one of the pupils.)*","t02-18-1":"18. — To be supple, nimble and healthy, we must exercise our legs and our arms. That is why we play games and do **gymnastics**.","t02-19-1":"19. — During the week these two exercises take place in the school yard (see chart No. 1). But on Thursdays and Sundays we go out to a large lawn, where we have room to run and enjoy ourselves.","t02-20-1":"20. — Our teachers and our parents sometimes come with us; but it is the **gymnastics teacher** (12) who directs the exercises.","t02-21-1":"21. — On the lawn, to the left of the entrance, stands the **gymnastic apparatus** (1) : we climb the **ladder** (2) , we swing upside down on the **rings** (3) and on the **trapeze** (4) , we haul ourselves up hand over hand to the top of the **rope ladder** (5) or of the **knotted rope** (6) .","t02-22-1":"22. — Meanwhile our friends are vaulting over the **wooden horse** (7) or the **parallel bars** (11) . Others are **boxing** (8) or **fencing** (9) with a mask and a **foil**. Others, finally, are lifting **dumbbells** (10) .","t02-tit-5":"Games.","t02-23-1":"23. — Around the gymnasts, boys and girls are playing various **games**. The girls are playing with their **hoop** (14) ; they **skip** (13) , or invite their brothers and cousins to a game of **croquet** (15) . They love knocking their opponent’s **ball** away with their **wooden mallet**, just when he thinks he is going straight through the hoop!","t02-24-1":"24. — The boys prefer more strenuous games. They gladly play **ninepins** (16) , which they knock down neatly with the **ball** (17) . They do not turn up their noses at the **spinning top** (18) and **cup-and-ball** (19) , or even **toad in the hole** (20) . But their favourite games are **marbles** (21) and **fives** (22) , because the wall of the **greenhouse** (26) is just right for bouncing the light ball off.","t02-25-1":"25. — Little John, up on his **stilts** (24) , is very skilful and keeps his balance very well. Near him, a few friends are playing **hide-and-seek** (25) in that greenhouse and behind the **hedge**. Others prefer **hot cockles** (28) or **shuttlecock** (29) , which flits from one **racket** to the other.","t02-26-1":"26. — In the middle of the lawn there are two trees. At the foot of one of them, seven or eight boys have started a game of **shoulder-leap** (30) (*) . This game is not known in every country; but everyone knows what **leapfrog** is, which the children are not playing just now.","t02-tit-6":"Games in the open air.","t02-27-1":"27. — **Blind man’s buff** (31) is also great fun; girls and boys take turns to put the **blindfold** over their eyes and catch the clumsy ones who let themselves be caught.","t02-28-1":"28. — In the middle of the lawn, here is a very French game, though a somewhat rough one: it is the **bear** (32) , far noisier than the peaceful game of the **kite** (33) or even than the English game of **tennis** (34) .","t02-29-1":"29. — That last sport is what the older pupils love best. Even our teachers are happy to join in. It calls for real skill and agility, and I love it. I leave the **swing** (35) to the girls.","t02-30-1":"30. — I am not keen on another English game that could easily turn dangerous.","t02-30-1b":"I mean **football** (36) , which my older brother loves. I prefer our old game of **prisoner’s base** (38) , just as healthy and far less brutal.","t02-tit-7":"Cycling and ball games.","t02-31-1":"31. — I also love riding round the lawn on a **bicycle** (37) .","t02-32-1":"32. — Next year I am going to learn to **ride** (39) . A horse is such a fine sight when it steps or trots gracefully, and clears the obstacles at a gallop!","t02-33-1":"33. — In summer we learn to **swim** (40) . We dive and bathe with delight in the clear, cool water of the river. Sometimes, at the end, we send up a paper **balloon** (41) , which rises majestically into the air as soon as it is filled with hot air.","t02-34-1":"34. — There are many other games as well, but I would never get to the end of the list, and you can see from this short account that Thursdays on our lawn are anything but dull.","t02-34-2":"N.B. — *The teacher will easily fill out this chapter by describing each of the more important games in greater detail.*","t03-apar-1":"CHART No. 3 Childhood and Youth.","t03-apar-2":"(Charts 3 and 4 are arranged so as to present, in four **family scenes**, the essential vocabulary of the **weather**, **age**, the **family**, **clothing** and **health**.)","t03-tit-1":"*First scene.*","t03-tit-2":"A christening in the village.","t03-tit-3":"Spring.","t03-c1-01-1":"1. — We are in **spring**, in the month of **March**, **April** or **May**, on a day of the **week** — **Monday**, **Tuesday** or **Wednesday**. It is **ten o’clock** in the morning.","t03-c1-02-1":"2. — The **weather** is fine, the **air** clear. The sun is shining. A few small **clouds** (2) are rising in the blue **sky** (1) .","t03-c1-03-1":"3. — The **trees** have hardly any **leaves**. The slender **poplars** (3) and the tall **plane tree** (17) still bear nothing but buds.","t03-c1-04-1":"4. — The **swallows** (4) are back, and they wheel with joyful cries around the **spire** (7) of the **bell tower** (5) that crowns the village **church** (6) .","t03-tit-4":"The Church.","t03-c1-05-1":"5. — This church is very plain, with its great **doorway** (13) and its big **clock** (8) . The small **hand** (9) is on the figure X: it marks the **hours**. The **big one** (10) is on XII (noon); it marks the **minutes**.","t03-c1-06-1":"6. — In the tower the **bells** (11) are ringing gaily. At the top of the roof stands a small stone **cross** (12) .","t03-c1-07-1":"7. — The church has not only a great **doorway** (13) , it also has a small side door. Through this door the **parish priest** (15) , in his **cassock**, comes out of the **vestry** (14) and makes his way to the **presbytery** (19) .","t03-c1-08-1":"8. — Next to him is the **milkwoman** (24) with her **donkey** (23) . She is on her way back from town, where she has delivered her good milk for the children.","t03-tit-5":"The orchard.","t03-c1-09-1":"9. — Master Aliboron (the donkey) is quite pleased with this morning run. He breathes in with delight the air scented by the **blossom** (20) that covers the **fruit trees** (18) of the neighboring **orchard**. Those **peach trees** (18) and **apricot trees** (19) are all pink and white, and they promise a fine crop.","t03-c1-10-1":"10. — Meanwhile the little **bees** (22) from the **hive** (21) go there to gather their sweet **honey**, humming as they work.","t03-c1-11-1":"11. — But what is happening? Here come the village children, running up and scattering the frightened **geese** (25) . It is the procession leaving the church after the **christening** of the notary’s son.","t03-c1-12-1":"12. — Little James, in his **cradle** (26) , wakes at the joyful pealing of the bells, and his sister Madeleine, who wants to see the procession too, asks her mother to come and comb her hair and dress her on the doorstep.","t03-c1-13-1":"13. — Her mother agrees. She puts on her **headscarf** (28) , her **bodice** (29) and her **apron** (30) , and comes and sits on a little chair in front of the door. Madeleine has only her **petticoat** (31) and her **bodice** (32) .","t03-c1-14-1":"14. — How happy she is! She forgets her favourite flowers, her **carnations** (34) , where the **butterflies** (35) settle, her **tulips** (36) , her **lilies of the valley** (37) in their **pots** (38) on the **wall** (33) , and her **roses** (39) that make such a fine hedge. She is gazing at the rich clothes of the ladies in the procession.","t03-c1-15-1":"15. — The village boys pay little attention to the clothes. They rush forward and jostle one another to get **candy** (55) or **coins** (52) . One of them is crying (40) .","t03-c1-16-1":"16. — Another has trodden on the paw of the **dog** (42) , which runs off yelping and puts to flight the **hen** (43) and her **chicks** (44) .","t03-tit-6":"The christening procession.","t03-c1-17-1":"17. — At the head of the procession walks the **nurse** (45) . She has a fine **bonnet** (46) with long ribbons. She is carrying the **newborn baby** (47) , all dressed in **lace** (48) .","t03-c1-18-1":"18. — Behind the nurse come the **godfather** (49) and the **godmother** (53) . They are handing out the candy and the coins. The godfather has **gloves** (51) and a **top hat** (50) . The godmother is holding a fine **bouquet** (54) in her hand.","t03-c1-19-1":"19. — Behind them we can see the child’s **uncle** (56) and **aunt** (58) . The aunt has an elegant **hat** (59) , the uncle a black **frock coat** (57) and a white vest. Next come the **cousin** (60) and his **cousin** (61) . The latter is holding by the hand the newborn baby’s **sister** (62) , little Bertha.","t03-c1-20-1":"20. — Bertha’s other **brother** (63) walks behind. He is giving his hand to a **relative** (64) . The family’s **friends** (65) come after them.","t03-tit-7":"The onlookers.","t03-c1-21-1":"21. — Near the procession, a **beggar** (66) is leaning on his **crutch** (67) . He is asking for money.","t03-c1-22-1":"22. — On the other side is a very **polite** (68) little boy. He raises his cap and wishes **“good morning”** to the people he knows.","t03-c1-23-1":"23. — The villagers have come out of their houses to watch the christening procession go by. We can see a **countryman** (69) with his **cotton cap** and beside him a **countrywoman** (70) . Then an **old woman** (71) leaning on her **stick** (72) . Lastly the **miller** (73) with his broad **felt hat** (74) , and a young countrywoman in **clogs** (75) teaching her baby to walk.","t03-c1-24-1":"24. — It is a very lively scene.","t03-tit-8":"*Second scene.*","t03-tit-9":"A public holiday.","t03-tit-10":"Water sports and regatta.","t03-c2-01-1":"1. — **Summer** has come. The blazing sun of the month of **June** (**July** or **August**) tempts the young people to bathe and to go boating.","t03-c2-02-1":"2. — On the right bank of the river, the oarsmen are undressing to take part in the water sports and the regatta.","t03-c2-03-1":"3. — One of them is taking off his **shoes** (1) ; he is unlacing (unbuttoning) them. His two friends are already done. They now have nothing on but their **jersey** (2) and **bathing trunks** (3) . They are chatting as they wait for their friends. They are talking about the fair and the festival being held on the other bank.","t03-c2-04-1":"4. — On the ground near them lie their friends’ **clothes**: a **pair** of **boots** (4) , **shoes** (5) , **socks** (6) , **felt** (7) and **straw** (8) hats and a **tie** (9) .","t03-c2-05-1":"5. — One of the young men has carefully folded his **jacket** (10) . He is laying it on a towel, in which his neighbor will shortly wrap up both their **suits**.","t03-c2-06-1":"6. — A sixth boy is running late. He still has his **cap** (11) on his head. He has taken off neither his **shirt** (12) , nor his **collar** (13) , nor his **cuffs** (14) . He is holding his **vest** (17) in his hand and still has his **trousers** (16) and **suspenders** (15) on. He will certainly not be ready for the next race.","t03-c2-07-1":"7. — Near the young men, a path lined with **thistles** (18) leads down to the riverside, where old James is getting ready, among the **reeds** (19) , the **fireworks** (20) that will be set off in the evening.","t03-tit-11":"The race.","t03-c2-08-1":"8. — On the river, a few ladies sheltering under their parasols are out in a **rowing boat** (21) . They are following the race, which is very exciting. In each **skiff** (22) , four **rowers** (24) are pulling with all their strength, while the **coxswain** (26) holds the **rudder** (25) and steers the fragile craft. The **oars** (23) strike the water in time, and the light boats race along at a dizzying speed.","t03-c2-09-1":"9. — A few young men are competing, near the pier of the bridge, for the prize of the **greasy pole** (28) . One of them is edging carefully along the springy, slippery pole to reach the little **flag** (29) fixed at the end. His luckless **rival** (30) has fallen into the water. He is swimming back to shore.","t03-c2-10-1":"10. — Older lads are **water-jousting** (32) near the **quay** (33) . A large **crowd** (31) is watching all these games, leaning on the **parapet** of the **bridge** (27) and packed along the **bank**. A few onlookers, though, are turning round to follow the game of the **climbing pole** (45) , or to admire the **mayoral procession** on its way to the **prize-giving**.","t03-c2-11-1":"11. — First come a few **urchins** (35) running ahead of the **band** (36) ; then come the **mayor** (37) , his deputies and the **town council** of the little town. Last of all march the **firemen** (38) .","t03-tit-12":"The fair.","t03-c2-12-1":"12. — There is a great crowd on the **fairground** (39) . People come to see the various **booths**: the **merry-go-round** (40) , the **circus** (41) , where the performance has already begun; the **public dance** (42) , where the young men and women of the town are enjoying themselves **dancing**.","t03-c2-13-1":"13. — At the far end we can see the **arena** (44) , where the brave Spanish **matador** fights the furious **bull** (45) ; then the **roller coaster** (49) and the **shooting gallery** (46) , where people practice handling **firearms** and shooting at the **target**.","t03-c2-14-1":"14. — Close by stands the **fairground theater** (47) , where **comedy** and **drama** are performed. Very near it stands the booth of the **giant** (48) and the **dwarf**. The **height** of the first is two meters fifteen; the second is barely as tall as a child.","t03-c2-15-1":"15. — Lastly there is the great **menagerie** (50) with its **wild animals**, its **tiger** (51) with its powerful **claws**, its **lion** (52) with its thick **mane**, its two **giraffes** (53) and its **elephant** (54) , which uses its **trunk** so cleverly.","t03-c2-16-1":"16. — The **tamer** (55) who trains these animals is standing at the door of the booth.","t04-apar-1":"CHART No. 4 Middle Age and Old Age.","t04-tit-1":"*First scene.* The Wedding Breakfast.","t04-tit-2":"Fall.","t04-c1-01-1":"1. — The young people have grown up. One of them, John, is getting married. We are at the **wedding breakfast**, which brings the families of the bride and groom together around the same table.","t04-c1-02-1":"2. — We are in **fall**, in the month of **September**. The cold wind of **October** and **November** has not yet stripped the countryside of its green leaves. The evening air is mild and fragrant; so dinner is being served under the **veranda** (8) that opens on to the garden.","t04-c1-03-1":"3. — In the distance, on the **hill** (3) , stands the home of John’s parents, an elegant **country house** (1) hidden in the greenery; fine vineyards, which yield an excellent wine, cover the slope of the hillside. The winegrower looks after them.","t04-c1-04-1":"4. — Above the vines, a covey of **partridges** (2) goes by, startled by the approach of the **gamekeeper** (5) . He, with his **gun** under his arm and his **game bag slung over his shoulder**, is beating the **bushes** (4) with his **dog** (6) . He watches over the estate and keeps poachers from destroying the game.","t04-c1-05-1":"5. — A **trained vine** climbs outside the **veranda**, with heavy **bunches of grapes** (7) hanging from it.","t04-c1-06-1":"6. — The fine fall flowers that decorate the **table** (16) are **chrysanthemums** (9) ; the bride’s **father** (10) has put one in the buttonhole of his tailcoat.","t04-c1-07-1":"7. — The meal is drawing to a close. The **servant** (11) is beginning to bring in the dessert dishes and will soon clear away the various parts of the place settings — **spoons** (14) , **forks** (12) , **knives** (13) , **serving dishes** (15) — that are no longer needed.","t04-tit-3":"The Family.","t04-c1-08-1":"8. — Everyone looks cheerful, and the smile with which the groom’s **mother** (17) watches her children shows how happy she is.","t04-c1-09-1":"9. — This marriage unites two wealthy families of the district. John, the **husband** (18) , is the son of a great landowner, and he becomes the **son-in-law** of a successful manufacturer.","t04-c1-10-1":"10. — The **couple** are young, and yet they have been **engaged** for a long time. The **young wife** (19) , Martha, looks charming in her **white dress** trimmed with orange blossom.","t04-c1-11-1":"11. — Her **father-in-law** (20) is delighted to have such a kind **daughter-in-law**, and John’s **mother-in-law** (21) smiles to see her **daughter** looking so lovely.","t04-c1-12-1":"12. — At the end of the table sit the other **guests** (22) : **relatives, friends, cousins**. A **head waiter** (23) , with his napkin over his arm, is attending to them briskly.","t04-tit-4":"The Friends.","t04-c1-13-1":"13. — On the right-hand side of the table sits a **young lady** (24) , a **friend** of the bride, then the bride’s **brother**, who is her **best man** (25) . He is chatting with his **bridesmaid** (26) , the groom’s sister, who by this marriage becomes Martha’s **sister-in-law**. She is a charming young woman. She has beautiful **jewelry**, a **pearl necklace** and a gold **bracelet**.","t04-c1-14-1":"14. — Near them, the gentleman standing and raising his glass is a **friend** (27) of the family. He is one of the **groom’s witnesses**. He is proposing a **toast**, drinking to the **health** of the newly-weds and wishing them long happiness. He is in formal dress: tailcoat and **patent leather shoes** (28) . He is escorting the **grandmother** (29) , who is a **widow**.","t04-c1-15-1":"15. — The young man in the **tailcoat** (31) , with the thin black mustache, is John’s **brother-in-law** (30) . He is a distinguished engineer. He is sitting next to a very elegant **young lady** (33) , Martha’s **elder sister** and the mother of the sweet little girl who is coming, on her cousin’s arm, to offer a flower and **wish** her **good evening**. This lady has very fine **earrings** and an elegant **hairstyle**.","t04-c1-16-1":"16. — The little cousin, who looks so odd in his **smock** (36) and his baggy **breeches** (37) , is a boy you cannot help feeling sorry for. He is an **orphan** (35) . He lost his father and his mother when he was very young. His uncle is his **guardian** (38) , and stayed single in order to bring the poor child up. He is a kind man. He is rather bald and very short-sighted; he wears **pince-nez**.","t04-tit-5":"The Dessert.","t04-c1-17-1":"17. — Behind the guests, on a table covered with a **tablecloth**, the **dessert** (39) is laid out. In a large bowl there is fruit: **peaches** (40) , **pears** (41) , **apples** (42) , **apricots** (43) and **grapes** (44) . Beside them, **pineapples** (45) , a fine **cake** (46) , **bottles of liqueur** (48) and **champagne** (49) , and stacks of clean **plates** (47) as well.","t04-c1-18-1":"18. — The **wine waiter** (50) is uncorking a **bottle** (52) of old wine with a **corkscrew** (51) . The **cork** (53) seems very hard to draw. This wine waiter has a **napkin** (54) over his arm.","t04-c1-19-1":"19. — After dinner the gentlemen will move on to the smoking room, and the ladies will go and get ready for the ball.","t04-tit-6":"*Second scene.* Grandfather’s Birthday.","t04-tit-7":"The Visit.","t04-c2-01-1":"1. — Ten years have passed. John’s parents have grown old, and they dearly love their three grandchildren, two **grandsons** (2) and a **granddaughter** (3) . As today is **grandfather’s birthday**, the children have come to wish him a happy birthday.","t04-c2-02-1":"2. — Little Peter is still very young; he is only three. He sees the **cat** (1) coming towards him. He wants to stroke its beautiful silky **fur** and its long **tail**; it does not occur to him that, under those graceful **paws**, there are nasty sharp claws that could easily scratch him.","t04-c2-03-1":"3. — His sister Gabrielle, who is holding his hand, is much more serious, and Marcel, with his big **overcoat** (4) and leather **belt** (5) , looks quite the little man, in spite of the short breeches that leave his **stockings** (6) showing.","t04-c2-04-1":"4. — Their father has put on his thick winter **overcoat** (7) with its **fur collar** (8) , and in his **pocket** (9) he has a scarf. His wife has her felt hat trimmed with **feathers** (10) , her **jacket** (11) , her fur **boa** (12) and her **muff** (13) .","t04-c2-05-1":"5. — It is very cold now that winter is here. The **snow** (19) has been falling all day and the roofs of the houses are quite white. With **night** the cold grows sharper still. In the sky, the **moon** (17) and the **stars** (18) shine and pierce the **darkness**.","t04-tit-8":"Illness.","t04-c2-06-1":"6. — The poor **blind man** (20) crossing the square in front of the **chemist’s shop** (16) , led by his **poodle** (21) , is very unfortunate. Justine, the **maid** (14) , is bringing from the kitchen a **bowl** (15) of very hot **herbal tea**, generously sweetened.","t04-c2-07-1":"7. — **Grandmother** (23) , who wants to fetch her **spectacles** (26) from the table so as to read the **prescription** (27) the **doctor** (25) has just written, is getting up out of her armchair, leaning on her **stick** (24) .","t04-c2-08-1":"8. — She often suffers from small **ailments**, **dizzy spells**, **colds** and **toothache**; her legs are weak and her eyes are no longer very good. All the same, she is glad to tease her old **doctor**, who always wants to prescribe her a **medicine** (28) . Today she is very happy to have her young family around her.","t04-c2-09-1":"9. — The room is shut up tight and snug. In the marble **fireplace** (29) a **splendid fire** (30) is blazing, and it feels good to sit in the soft **light** of the **lamp** (31) that has just been lit.","t04-tit-9":"The Grandfather.","t04-c2-10-1":"10. — Even **grandfather** (33) has forgotten that he has been ill, that his **rheumatism** keeps him fixed in his **armchair** (34) , and that only yesterday he had a **fever and fainting fits**. He no longer remembers that last winter he had **pneumonia**, and that a harsh, painful **cough** made him suffer a great deal.","t04-c2-10-2":"And yet he had a hard time recovering. He is a little better now. But his leg, which he rests on a **cushion** (38) laid on a small **stool** (39) , still hurts him too.","t04-c2-11-1":"11. — When he is carefully wrapped in his warm **dressing gown** (35) with its big mother-of-pearl **buttons** (36) , and when he has beside him, to read him the paper, the little **orphan girl** (40) in her white **bonnet**, her blue **dress** (42) and **cape** (41) , he does not complain.","t04-c2-12-1":"12. — Every year, when the **calendar** (43) brings round the **date** of the first of **December** again, he waits impatiently for his **grandchildren**, because he knows they will not forget that important **date**.","t04-c2-13-1":"13. — He still remembers fondly the far-off days when he would go himself to wish a happy birthday to the glorious imperial **marshal**, whose **portrait** (44) hangs on the wall, and who is the children’s **great-grandfather**.","t05-apar-1":"CHART No. 5 The House and how it is built.","t05-tit-1":"A lucky meeting.","t05-01-1":"John. — Uncle, I would really like to know how a **house** is built.","t05-01-2":"The Uncle (80) . — That’s easy enough, my boy. Come with me and I’ll show you the one Mr Bernard (79) is having built, the one I’m going to live in.","t05-01-3":"John. — And who drew the **plan** (76) of this house?","t05-01-4":"The Uncle. — The **architect** (75) ; he drew it up very clearly, it was approved, and the **building contractor** (77) started work.","t05-01-5":"John. — And who is the contractor?","t05-01-6":"The Uncle. — Mr White, the father of your friend James. He runs the site along with Mr Roux, the architect.","t05-01-7":"Well, look at that! Here comes Mr White at just the right moment with his **rule** (78) , and Mr Roux with his plan.","t05-01-8":"Good morning, gentlemen. How are you?","t05-01-9":"Mr Roux. — Very well, thanks. Morning, John — hasn’t he grown!","t05-01-10":"The Uncle. — He has, hasn’t he. He’s quite the little man now. He is very serious; everything he sees has to be explained to him. Today he would like to know how a house is built.","t05-tit-2":"The workmen.","t05-01-11":"Mr White. — Come along with me, then, and I’ll explain it to you right now. I do like children who want to learn.","t05-01-12":"You see that workman with a **shovel** (82) in his hand: he is a **navvy** (81) . He is digging a **trench** (46) to lay the water pipe. He also dug out the ground where the house stands, so that the bricklayer could put up the four **walls**. The part of those walls that is in the ground is called the **foundations** (2) . The space enclosed by the foundations forms the **cellar** (3) . This cellar has a small window called an **air vent** (5) , a **door** (4) and a stairway.","t05-01-13":"The **bricklayer** (108) went on raising the walls, leaving openings for the **doors** (8) and the **windows** (17) .","t05-01-14":"John. — But I can’t see him, this bricklayer!","t05-01-15":"Mr White. — He has finished working on the house now. He is over by the **stable** (54) , up on his **scaffolding** (110) , building the wall of the **wash house** (56) .","t05-01-16":"He has a trowel, a trough and a **plumb line** (109) . But you won’t remember those names.","t05-01-17":"John. — Oh yes I will, because I’m going to ask my uncle for a little trowel and a trough, and I’ll make a plumb line myself with a piece of string.","t05-tit-3":"The materials.","t05-01-18":"The Uncle. — Ah, very good. But tell me, John, what do you need to build a house?","t05-01-19":"John. — You need **dressed stone** (59) and **mortar** (65) .","t05-01-20":"The Uncle. — Exactly. Look at that man in the big hat, on his **cart** (136) . He is a **carter** (135) . Every day he brings **blocks of stone** (60) here. He unloads his cart in the yard, and the **stonecutters** (83) dress the blocks and saw them with their **stone saw** (85) . A **labourer** (146) carries them to the bricklayer, who sets them in place.","t05-01-21":"Meanwhile the **mortar mixer** (87) is preparing the mortar. He needs **sand** (62) , **lime** (63) and **water** (64) . The lime is beside him in a **sack** (71) ; a **bricklayer’s mate** (111) brings him the sand in a **wheelbarrow** (112) , and the **apprentice** (113) is at the pump (58) . He is filling a **bucket** (114) . The mortar will soon be ready. The **hod carrier** (107) takes it and carries it up the ladder to the scaffolding, where a bricklayer is finishing that side of the house.","t05-01-22":"And now, what do you call the workman who makes the **roof** (31) ?","t05-01-23":"John. — He is the **roofer** (118) .","t05-tit-4":"The roof of the house.","t05-01-24":"Mr White. — Yes, but first comes the **carpenter** (115) .","t05-01-25":"The carpenter makes the **roof frame** (35) . He joins the **beams** (37) with **pegs** (117) . Those workmen up there, in their wide velvet breeches, are carpenters. One is holding a small beam and the other is cutting a peg with his **axe** (116) . The one near the **chimney** (41) is the roofer. He nails laths on to the **joists** (*) , and **slates** (66) on to the laths. Sometimes he lays tiles.","t05-01-26":"The roof of the stable is **tiled** (55) , that of the house is **slated** (32) , and that of the veranda is of **zinc** (24) .","t05-01-27":"John. — Does the roofer make the zinc roofs as well?","t05-01-28":"Mr White. — No, that’s the **zinc worker** (121) or the **plumber**, the one setting a **dormer window** (38) into the roof of the house. He also lays the **roof gutters** (43) and the **downpipes** (42) . He solders the zinc and the tinplate. He is the one who fixed the **lightning conductor** (40) and the **weathervane** (39) on the **gable** (36) .","t05-01-29":"John. — Is the house finished, then?","t05-tit-5":"The tools.","t05-01-30":"Mr White. — Not quite. The **plasterer** (99) builds with **bricks** (61) the partitions that divide it into the different rooms. He lays **plaster** (70) on the **ceilings** (26) and on the walls. Just now he is working on the ceiling of the **veranda** (33) . Like the bricklayer, he has a **trowel** (100) and a **trough** (101) .","t05-01-31":"Then the joiner makes the doors, the windows, the **wooden floors** (16) and the **shutters** (19) .","t05-01-32":"Just now he is working in the yard at his **workbench** (90) . He has a **saw** (94) to cut the **wood** (69) , a **plane** (91) , a **holdfast** (92) , a **chisel** (94 *bis*) , a **pair of compasses** (95) and a wooden **mallet** (95 *bis*) .","t05-01-33":"John. — Oh, but being a joiner is even more fun than being a bricklayer. Uncle, will you buy me a workbench, a saw and a plane? I’m going to make a kennel for Medor.","t05-01-34":"The Uncle. — Yes, my boy.","t05-01-35":"John. — Oh, thank you! And who’s that man standing near the front door?","t05-tit-6":"The painting.","t05-01-36":"Mr White. — He is a **painter** (102) . He is standing on his ladder with a pot of **paint** (103) and his **brush** (104) . He is coating the wood of the front door so that it will last longer.","t05-01-37":"He is also the one who hangs the wallpaper in the rooms.","t05-01-38":"The **upholsterer** (107) on a **ladder** (106) , out on the **balcony** (28) , is putting up a **blind** (29) .","t05-01-39":"The workman standing by the big window is the **glazier** (96) . He fixes the **panes** (18) with **putty** (73) . That other workman, kneeling by the cellar door, is a **locksmith** (97) . He is fitting a **lock** (6) . His **file** (98) is beside him.","t05-01-40":"John. — Is the man hitting a piece of iron with his **hammer** (84) a locksmith too?","t05-01-41":"Mr White. — Not quite — he’s a **blacksmith** (125) . He is forging **ironwork** (67) for the **electrician** (124) , who is on the roof of the **coach house** (51) . He has a **forge** (126) , an **anvil** (127) and a pair of **tongs** (128) .","t05-01-42":"The electrician is fixing the **copper wire** (44) of the telephone.","t05-tit-7":"The gardening.","t05-01-43":"The Uncle. — At the far end of the **yard** (45) , near the **railings** (47) and the **carriage gate** (48) , you can see the **gardener** (129) . He is getting the little **garden** (49) ready. He has dug the soil over with his **spade** (131) , he is sowing seed and raking with the **rake** (130) . Then, with his **watering can** (132) , he will water the **flower beds** (50) and the plants will grow.","t05-01-44":"The **groom** (133) , who has just tended the horse and fed it, is cleaning the **carriage** (52) with a sponge, a **hand pump** (134) and a bucket of water. Then he will put it away in the coach house and shut the door with the heavy **bolt** (53) .","t05-01-45":"There, I hope you are satisfied now — you have had plenty of explanations.","t05-01-46":"John. — Yes, uncle, but I’d like to see the inside of the house.","t05-01-47":"The Uncle. — That can wait for tomorrow. Mr Roux will explain the plan to you and tell you the name of each room.","t05-tit-8":"The layout of the house.","t05-apar-2":"*(See the plan.)*","t05-01-48":"The Architect. — Come along, John, I’m going to take you round the different parts of the house.","t05-01-49":"Let’s go in on the **ground floor** (7) . Here is the **doorbell** button (11) . We climb the three **steps** (14) of the **front steps** (9) , we cross the **threshold** (10) of the **front door** (8) , and here we are at the foot of the **staircase** (13) .","t05-01-50":"John. — This is the corridor.","t05-01-51":"The Architect. — No, this is the **hall** (12) . The **corridor** (a) is at the far end. On the right, here are the **drawing room** (b) and the **dining room** (c) ; opposite the dining room are the **kitchen** (d) and the **pantry** (e) ; then, at the front, the **study** (f) . The **veranda** (23) , with its **glazed door** (25) , is next to the drawing room.","t05-01-52":"Now we’ll go up the stairs. Hold on to the **handrail** (15) and count the steps. There are fourteen. Here is the **landing** (m) : we are on the first **floor** (27) .","t05-tit-9":"The first floor.","t05-01-53":"Opposite the stairs are the **lavatory** (20) and the **dressing room** (j) . On the right, a fine **bedroom** (g) with two windows on the **front** (1) of the house. On the left are the **bathroom** (1) and the **guest room** (i) with a large **alcove** (h) . Next to the bedroom is the **children’s room** (k) . It opens on to a wide **terrace** (21) . Under this terrace is another lavatory (20) , and against the wall, here is the **bell** (22) that is rung for dinner.","t05-01-54":"John. — Let’s go up to the **second floor**.","t05-01-55":"The Architect. — There is no second floor. Under the roof there are only **attic rooms** (33) and the loft (34) . That is the whole tour — we can go back down.","t05-01-56":"John. — Thank you, sir, that was really interesting. I’m going to tell my father everything I have seen.","t06-apar-1":"CHART No. 6 The Home inside, Furniture, Food, Lighting.","t06-apar-2":"The house is finished. John’s uncle has moved into his new home, whose layout we already know. Let’s see how he has furnished it. First we’ll visit:","t06-tit-1":"The Bedroom.","t06-c1-01-1":"1. — We have come at an awkward moment: the maid is busy cleaning the **room**.","t06-c1-02-1":"2. — On the **washstand** (1) , scattered about, are the things you wash and comb and get ready with. They are the **basin** (2) and the **water jug** (3) , the **hairbrush** (4) , the **comb** (5) , the **soap** (6) and the **sponge** (7) , and lastly a little **bottle** (8) of mouthwash.","t06-c1-03-1":"3. — On the floor, in front of the washstand, is the **pail** (9) for the dirty water.","t06-c1-04-1":"4. — In the **outer room** (10) we can see a few **coat hooks** (13) and two **umbrellas** (11) in the **umbrella stand** (12) .","t06-c1-05-1":"5. — On the other side of the door stands the **mirrored wardrobe** (14) , which holds the **linen** (15) .","t06-c1-06-1":"6. — While the **housemaid** (16) makes the **bed** (17) , let’s look at its various parts. The **bedstead** (20) holds a good **spring mattress** (21) , on which Justine will shortly lay a woolen **mattress** (22) . Then she will take from the chairs the two **sheets** (23) and the **blanket** (24) . Then she will place at the head of the bed the **bolster** (25) and the **pillow** (26) , which are lying with the **eiderdown** (27) on the **bedside rug** (32) . She uses a feather duster on the **curtains** (19) and the **canopy** (18) , and part of the work is done.","t06-c1-07-1":"7. — Then she will have to tidy the **bedside table** (28) a little, wind up the **alarm clock** (29) , get the **night light** (30) ready, and take away the **candle** (31) to clean the candlestick.","t06-tit-2":"The workbasket and the fireside things.","t06-c1-08-1":"8. — The **workbasket** (34) beside the **stool** (33) badly needs tidying too. She will have to fold up the **embroidery** (35) , put away in the **worktable** (38) the **thimble**, the **thread** (36) , the **needles** (37) and the **scissors** (39) , and lock the lid of the table with the **key** (40) .","t06-c1-09-1":"9. — On the **pedestal table** (41) in the middle, Justine will change the water in the **carafe** (42) . She will put **sugar** in the **sugar bowl** (43) , clean the **sugar tongs** (44) and take away the **clothes brush** (46) .","t06-c1-10-1":"10. — The right-hand side of the room will give her less work, because the **day bed** (47) and its **cushion** (48) are in their proper place, and since the weather is not cold, nothing has been moved among the things belonging to the **fireplace** (49) . **Shovel** (50) , **tongs** (51) , **firedogs** (55) and **ash guard** (56) are clean; the **fire screen** (54) has not been moved and the **log box** (52) is well stocked with **firewood** (53) .","t06-c1-11-1":"11. — She will still have to dust the **mantel clock** (57) , the **candelabra** (58) and the **trinket trays** (59) , and then wipe the **mirror** (60) .","t06-c1-12-1":"12. — As for the baby’s **cradle** (61) (the babo (*) ), it is ready and waiting.","t06-tit-3":"The Drawing Room.","t06-c2-01-1":"1. — Now for the drawing room. It is a very fine **room**. The fireplace, in the right-hand corner, is decorated with a delicate **statuette** (1) and two handsome **vases** (3) , and draped with a velvet **lambrequin** (2) (*) .","t06-c2-02-1":"2. — To stop sparks from the hearth setting the carpet alight, a copper **fire guard** (4) has been set in front of it.","t06-c2-03-1":"3. — Beside it, an elegant lady’s **writing desk** (5) stands open. It is where the **lady of the house** (23) writes her letters.","t06-c2-04-1":"4. — The window is dressed with **net curtains** (6) held back by **tiebacks** (8) hooked to the **pegs** (7) , and with heavy fabric curtains topped by a **valance** (9) .","t06-c2-05-1":"5. — In the window recess, a **jardinière** (11) holds a green **plant** (10) , a magnificent palm whose leaves reach almost as far as the **oil lamp** (12) .","t06-c2-06-1":"6. — The **lampshade** (13) was made by Mary, the charming **young lady** (14) at the **piano** (15) . Sitting very straight on the **stool** (16) , she is practising a piece. She is very skilful and very tidy, as her **music cabinet** (17) shows: it is in perfect order.","t06-tit-4":"The Rascal.","t06-c2-07-1":"7. — Her brother Paul is looking for a **book** (19) in the **bookcase** (18) . He is a **boy** (20) who is restless and quite unbearable. Hanging on to the bookcase to reach the book that is too high up, he is in danger of bringing down the **bust** (21) on top of it.","t06-c2-08-1":"8. — He is only getting away with it because his mother is busy talking to a friend, a **lady** (22) who has come to spend a few days with her. The mother is sitting on the **sofa** (24) beside the **armchair** (25) , and her friend is on the **chair** (27) , of which we can see only the **back** (26) .","t06-c2-09-1":"9. — The big **frame** (30) hanging on the wall holds the **portrait** (29) of a relative. In the **album** (32) lying on the table are gathered the **photographs** (33) of the rest of the family. The children were leafing through it a moment ago: the **chairs** (31) are still grouped around the table.","t06-c2-10-1":"10. — The porcelain **Chinese vase** (34) near the **paper knife** (35) was given to Mary on her name day, and the **folding screen** (36) that fills the corner of the room was brought back from China by her uncle.","t06-c2-11-1":"11. — Brightened by the handsome **pictures** (37) hanging on the **wall** (42) , lit by the ceiling **chandelier** (38) , whose **electric lamps** (39) shine so cheerfully in the evening, this drawing room looks very pleasant. The soft **carpet** (40) spread over the floor, and the **electric bell** (41) that is so handy, make it perfectly comfortable.","t06-tit-5":"The Dining Room.","t06-c3-01-1":"1. — The dinner bell has rung. The whole family, except Mary, is gathered around the table. The dining room is pleasantly warmed by an excellent earthenware **stove** (1) with a slender **pipe** (2) .","t06-c3-02-1":"2. — This room does not hold much furniture. Along the wall, above the **stool** (4) , hangs a decorative little **fountain** (3) . Close by is the **sideboard** (5) , on which the cold dishes, the desserts and the various pieces of tableware not needed at the moment are set down.","t06-c3-03-1":"3. — So on the upper shelf we can see a **roast chicken** (7) , a **fish** (8) and a **bowl** (10) of **fruit** (9) . Below are the **cheese** (11) , the **bread** (12) and the **cruet stand** (13) , which holds everything needed to dress the salad: the oil, the vinegar, the **salt** (14) and the **pepper** (15) . Lastly, on the bottom shelf, there is a **cake** (17) beside the **mustard pot** (16) .","t06-c3-04-1":"4. — The dining room clock, which is called a **wall clock** (20) , is a very unusual shape. It is set in a wooden frame that also holds a **barometer** (19) and a **thermometer** (18) .","t06-tit-6":"Serving Dinner.","t06-c3-05-1":"5. — All round the room the walls are lined with **wooden panelling** (21) of waxed oak. A fabric **door curtain** (22) does a decent job of closing off the door to the veranda. That is where the family will have coffee after dinner. The **cups** (24) and **saucers** (25) are already set out on the **china cabinet** (23) .","t06-c3-06-1":"6. — Above the table a **hanging lamp** (26) is fixed to the ceiling; its very bright light fills the whole dining room in the evening.","t06-c3-07-1":"7. — Now let’s look at the **dining table** (27) itself. When the family came in, the table was laid. On the **tablecloth** (28) there had been set, at each diner’s place, a **plate** (33) , a **napkin** (29) , a **spoon** (34) , a **fork** (35) , a **knife** (36) and a **glass** (32) . There were also **bottles** (30) for the wine and a **carafe** (31) for the water.","t06-c3-08-1":"8. — The **servant** (39) first brought in the **soup tureen** (37) , in which some soup is still steaming. He is now serving the first **course** (38) , a meat dish. Then he will hand round the ones we have already named; and finally, after the **dessert**, once his employers have gone through to the veranda, he will clear the table and put the dining room straight again.","t06-c3-08-2":"*Note.* — *The everyday words to do with food are given here only in outline. The list will be completed in the two charts “The Hotel” (no. 13) and “The Market” (no. 15).*","t06-tit-7":"The Kitchen.","t06-c4-01-1":"1. — In the kitchen, which we glimpse through the half-open door, there is a picturesque muddle. In front of the **hearth** (1) , where the **fire** (3) crackles, the **roasting jack** (5) is set up. A fine **roast** (7) is on the **spit** (6) and is finishing cooking.","t06-c4-02-1":"2. — The **bellows** (8) and the **coal shovel** (9) , which have just been used, have been left on the floor, along with the **logs** (10) .","t06-c4-03-1":"3. — The top of the mantelpiece is tidy: the **lantern** (11) , the **matchbox holder** (13) with the **matches** (12) in it, the **candlestick** (14) and the **chamber candlestick** (15) with its **candle** (16) are all in their places. But the big **coal scuttle** (18) , full of the **coal** (17) the **cook** (23) has just been down to the cellar to fetch, has been left in the middle of the kitchen.","t06-c4-04-1":"4. — The truth is that the poor woman has to hurry if lunch is to be ready on time. Just now she is at the **cooking range** (19) , stirring a **sauce** (24) that must not be allowed to burn.","t06-c4-05-1":"5. — In the **oven** (20) a cake is baking, which she has made for the children’s tea. Above the range hang the **ladle** (21) and the **skimmer** (22) .","t06-tit-8":"The Kitchenware.","t06-c4-06-1":"6. — The **set of pans** (25) hanging at the back of the room is very clean. The handsome copper **saucepans** (26) , the **milk jug** (27) , the **strainer** (28) and the **grater** (29) have been carefully scoured.","t06-c4-07-1":"7. — The **salt box** (30) stands on the small dresser beside the **teapot** (31) and the **oil demijohn** (32) . The **drawer** (33) probably holds the cutlery and the kitchen knives.","t06-c4-08-1":"8. — The **broom** (34) and the **feather duster** (35) are in a corner. The cook has just been using the **chopping block** (36) ; she has left it near the window.","t06-c4-09-1":"9. — A **hand towel** (37) hangs on the wall next to the **funnel** (38) . In this part of the kitchen are kept the **grill** (39) , the **chopper** (40) and the **chopping board** (41) . Then, above the chopper, on a **shelf** (42) , are **pots** (43) , the **stew pot** (44) with its **lid** (45) , and the **cauldron** (46) . The **frying pan** (47) hangs close by.","t06-c4-10-1":"10. — Only the copper **tap** (48) throws a gleam into this corner. The **sink** (49) , on which the big **pitcher** (50) stands, must be very convenient with its little cupboard, where the **vinegar cask** (51) with its **tap** (52) , the **rubbish box** (53) and the **dirty dishes** (54) are kept.","t06-tit-9":"Other things kept in the kitchen.","t06-c4-11-1":"11. — The big **tub** (55) in which the **vegetables** (58) are washed, and the cast-iron **cauldron** (56) standing on the **tiled floor** (57) , probably belong in that cupboard too.","t06-c4-12-1":"12. — The cook is certainly not short of stoves, because here on the corner of the table is a **gas ring** (59) with water heating on it in a small saucepan. The **steam** (60) escaping from it tells us it must be boiling. This water is probably for the coffee, since the **coffee pot** (64) and the **coffee grinder** (63) are at the other end of the table.","t06-c4-13-1":"13. — The gas ring is connected to the **gas burner** (62) by a long **rubber tube** (61) .","t06-c4-14-1":"14. — The **daily help** (66) , who comes to assist the cook, is preparing the vegetables for dinner. When they have been peeled and washed, she will put them in the **pan** (65) until it is time to cook them.","t06-tit-10":"The Bathroom. *(The bathing room.)*","t06-c5-01-1":"1. — One last bit of snooping and we will know the main rooms of the house: the fittings of the bathroom. It will not take long, because the room is small, and we can see at a glance that the **bathtub** (1) has a good **water heater** (2) , that the **soap dish** (3) is within reach of the bather’s hand, and that the **towel rail** (5) must make it easy to dry the **towels** (4) .","t06-c5-02-1":"2. — This room has its walls covered with **glazed tiles** (6) , which made it possible to install a **shower** (7) without the water splashing about doing them any damage. A small zinc **basin** (8) for footbaths completes the furnishings.","t07-apar-1":"SECOND SERIES CHART No. 7","t07-tit-1":"*First scene.*","t07-tit-2":"The village in winter.","t07-c1-01-1":"1. — During the New Year holidays I went with my father to Newtown, a small village where he had some business to see to.","t07-c1-02-1":"2. — We took the **stagecoach** (11) that runs between the town and that village; but as it was very cold, the journey in such an uncomfortable vehicle was not at all pleasant.","t07-c1-03-1":"3. — So we were truly glad when we saw the **driver** pull up his coach in the square, in front of the **inn** (2) of the *White Bear*. The **innkeeper** (4) was waiting for us on his doorstep, quietly smoking his **pipe**.","t07-c1-03-2":"He asked us in, and I did not need to be asked twice before settling myself in front of the fire of vine prunings crackling in the hearth. After that I did not care about the biting **north wind** that made the old **sign** (3) creak and carried off in black swirls the **smoke** (1) coming out of the chimney.","t07-c1-04-1":"4. — It was lunchtime. Without waiting any longer, we did full justice to the plain but tasty meal that was served to us (*) .","t07-tit-3":"A few visits.","t07-c1-05-1":"5. — After lunch I went with my father, who is an insurance agent, to call on his clients. First we visited the **blacksmith** (5) , who lives next to the inn. He was busy shoeing a horse. I admired the strength of his mate, who held the horse’s **hoof** firmly against his leather apron while the smith fastened the **shoe** (6) with heavy hammer blows.","t07-c1-06-1":"6. — Then we went to the village **shoemaker** (7) , old Jacob. Although he had a magnificent **boot** for a sign, he was making do with resoling an old pair of worn-out shoes.","t07-c1-06-2":"The old man told us with a laugh: “In town I was a ‘shoemaker’ and I had no customers. Here I am a ‘cobbler’ and there is plenty of work.”","t07-c1-07-1":"7. — He talked to us about his neighbor the **barber** (8) , whose customers are all dissatisfied. His **razors** are always chipped and his **scissors** never cut properly. But as he is the only barber in the village, people naturally have no choice but to have him shave them and cut their hair. On top of that he is mean and disagreeable.","t07-c1-08-1":"8. — Fortunately the other **neighbors** are not like him. The **wheelwright** (9) , for instance, is a kind man, hard-working and obliging. It is a pleasure to give him a cart to mend. His work is always well finished.","t07-c1-09-1":"9. — Old Jacob had no complaints either about the **saddler** (10) , whom he sometimes helps to sew **harness** when the work piles up.","t07-c1-09-2":"My father asked him about his family. “Everyone is well. My granddaughter is at **school** (12) . Her **teacher** (13) is very pleased with her; she is a good **pupil** (14) . She is not like that rascal of a son of mine; he thinks of nothing but playing. The **schoolmaster** (15) cannot get him to learn a thing.”","t07-tit-4":"Village gossip.","t07-c1-10-1":"10. — The old man then told us the village news. A new school was going to be built, because the one in the **village hall** had got far too small. That would be easy: they only had to buy part of the **miller’s** garden. It would suit the poor man very well. Since the cold weather began, the **millstones** of the **mill** (16) had not been able to grind the wheat, the **wheel** (17) being caught in the **ice** (25) of the **stream** (23) .","t07-c1-11-1":"11. — “Speaking of building, have you seen our new **church** (18) ? It looks very picturesque under its coat of snow. The **crows** (19) , who no longer recognise their old bell tower, perch sadly on the big tree in the **churchyard** (20) .”","t07-c1-12-1":"12. — The mention of the churchyard reminded the shoemaker of the people my father had known who had died in the past year. “How many **graves** (21) , my dear sir, have been added to the others under the **cypress** (22) ! Death took our old notary. The whole village was at his **funeral**.”","t07-c1-13-1":"13. — “There is his successor, skating on the stream. He came in a little while ago to have me mend the strap of his **skate** (26) , which had broken.”","t07-c1-14-1":"14. — “And there, on the bank of the stream, is the new **village constable** (27) . He is a former gendarme and the terror of the village rascals. They run off the moment they catch sight of his **gaiters** (29) and his **peaked cap** (28) .”","t07-c1-15-1":"15. — “Ah! there is old Joseph bringing a **cartload of faggots** (30) for the baker. — Quite right, said my father, I recognise his team of **mules** (31) . I need a word with him, so I’ll take the chance. Goodbye, old Jacob.”","t07-c1-16-1":"16. — Just as we were going out, the village children were leaving school and rushing on to the **ice slide** (33) , at the risk of falling and breaking a limb in the **tumble** (34) . One of them fetched his **sledge** (32) from the wheelwright’s, sat one of his friends in it, and set off at a run.","t07-c1-17-1":"17. — Others rushed to a **heap of snow** (37) near the **bridge** (40) and began pelting the **snowman** (39) they had made the day before, which they had given a hat, a pipe and a school satchel slung over its shoulder.","t07-c1-18-1":"18. — They cared little for the freezing wind and the cold. Most of them had not even a **scarf** (35) , and to warm themselves up after the **snowball** (38) fight, a handful of piping hot **chestnuts** (42) bought from old Jacqueline, the **seller**, who shivers with cold under her too thin **shawl** (43) , was all they needed.","t07-tit-5":"*Second scene.*","t07-tit-6":"The farmhouse in spring.","t07-c2-01-1":"1. — Winter has its pleasures, but we still welcome the return of **spring** with real joy.","t07-c2-01-2":"What a cheering picture a farmyard makes in the evening, in the month of May!","t07-c2-02-1":"2. — On the horizon the **sun** (1) is slowly setting, flooding the **countryside** (3) with its crimson **rays** (2) . The busy **plowman** (6) is hurrying to plow his **field** (4) .","t07-c2-02-2":"With his **plow** (5) drawn by a sturdy **horse** (7) , he traces the **furrow** (8) in which the **sower** (9) will scatter by the handful the **seed** that will yield the golden ears.","t07-c2-03-1":"3. — The **mowers** (11) with their scythes have cut the grass of the meadow, the haymakers have dried the **hay** (10) by turning it with **pitchforks** (12) and rakes, and here they come home.","t07-c2-03-2":"Some walk in front of the heavy cart drawn by oxen, carrying their tools on their shoulders. Others, lazier, have settled themselves comfortably on the sweet-smelling hay.","t07-c2-04-1":"4. — As they pass they wave to the **gardener** (16) , busy in the **orchard** (13) pruning the **fruit trees** and grafting the **pear trees** (14) . The **plum trees** (15) are in blossom, and in the well-manured **vegetable garden** (17) the vegetables, cabbages and lettuces are already doing well.","t07-c2-04-2":"On the low wall, a handsome **peacock** (18) spreads its tail to show off its magnificent feathers.","t07-tit-7":"The farmyard.","t07-c2-05-1":"5. — The doors of the **stable** (19) are open, and you can see the hayrack and the **bedding straw** (23) of the **mare** (21) that the **groom** (20) has just unharnessed. The **foal** (22) , so comical on its long legs, follows its mother, frisking about.","t07-c2-06-1":"6. — Near the **well** (29) the **cows** (25) go to drink from the wooden **trough** (26) that serves them for a drinking place. The **calf** (24) takes the chance to suckle, and the **ox** (27) , catching the good smell of the fodder, lows cheerfully and proudly lifts its head with its powerful **horns** (28) .","t07-c2-07-1":"7. — Everyone is at work. The **maidservant** (32) is holding the **rope** (31) of the well. She is drawing water in a **bucket** (30) to give the animals to drink. Near the **barn** (33) a man is raking up the loose straw, and in front of the door of the **farmhouse** (34) an old **spinning woman** (35) , with her spinning wheel and her **distaff**, spins the **flax** or the **hemp** as in days gone by.","t07-tit-8":"The farmer.","t07-c2-08-1":"8. — The **farmer** (36) directs all this work and gives his men their orders. He tells them to put under cover the **harrow** (40) and the **pickaxe** (39) that have been left near the **kennel** (38) of the **dog** (37) .","t07-c2-09-1":"9. — His shouts startle a **pigeon** (41) , which flies off at full speed to the **dovecote** (42) , and the **hens** (43) , which hurry back into the **henhouse** (44) .","t07-c2-10-1":"10. — In front of the **sheepfold** (48) , the old **shepherd** (45) is bringing back his **flock** (49) . Holding his **crook** (46) , which never leaves him any more than his faded **smock** (47) does, he leads to the fold **rams** (50) , **ewes** (53) , **lambs** (54) , **goats** (51) and **kids** (52) . His faithful **dog** (55) Argus comes last and urges on the stragglers with his barking.","t07-c2-11-1":"11. — All this noise and bustle does not disturb the calm of the good **dairy cow** (56) , which rings its **bell** (57) while it is milked in front of the door of the **cowshed** (58) .","t07-c2-12-1":"12. — She seems to understand that she must give her milk so that the **farmer’s wife** (60) can make **butter** in the **churn** (61) , or the excellent **cheeses** (64) that are draining on the board laid across the **tub** (63) .","t07-c2-13-1":"13. — The whole **dairy** (59) is kept very clean by the **farmhand** (65) , who has just washed the **milk cans** (62) in the big bucket he is carrying.","t07-tit-9":"The poultry yard.","t07-c2-14-1":"14. — In his heavy clogs he walks rather clumsily, and so puts to flight the **turkey** (68) , the **ducks** (66) , the **drakes** (67) and the **geese** (69) , which open their **beaks** (70) wide and set up an anxious clamour.","t07-c2-14-2":"The **cockerel** (71) , more warlike, raises his red **comb** (72) , shakes the feathers of his **tail** (73) and lets out a ringing “cock-a-doodle-doo”.","t07-c2-15-1":"15. — A **mother hen** (74) is pecking about on the **dung heap** (81) with her **chicks** (75) . The **piglet** (78) runs off to its mother, the huge **sow** (77) we can see beside the pigsty.","t07-c2-16-1":"16. — In their hutches, the **rabbits** (79) are eagerly eating the tender **grass** (80) the farmer’s daughter brings them. Jenny is very fond of her rabbits, and every day, after fetching the fresh **eggs** (76) from the henhouse, she comes to visit her little friends.","t08-apar-1":"CHART No. 8 *First scene.* The Harvest (*) . — The Face of the Countryside.","t08-c1-01-1":"1. — With **summer**, the countryside has changed its face once more. The seed entrusted to the furrow has sprouted; a small green plant has come up out of the ground and has borne its ear. The grain formed, then ripened, and now all that is left is to bring in the harvest.","t08-c1-02-1":"2. — The **wild flowers** are out. **Cornflowers** (1) , **poppies** (2) and **foxgloves** (3) stand out against the even tint of the cornfields with the cheerful contrast of their fresh **blooms**.","t08-c1-03-1":"3. — The fruit trees have put out their leaves; the fruit has ripened. The little **cherry tree** (4) is laden with fine **cherries** (5) , which the children pick and eat with delight.","t08-c1-04-1":"4. — The flock can now spend the whole day out of doors.","t08-c1-04-2":"The **lambs** (6) have grown and become fine **ewes** (7) and fine **rams** (8) with thick fleeces. They graze peacefully on the **grass** of the **pasture** (9) , dotted with **daisies**.","t08-c1-04-3":"Soon these animals will be sheared for their **wool**, from which the cloth of our clothes is made.","t08-tit-2":"The Herdsman.","t08-c1-05-1":"5. — The **herdsman** (10) does not seem to pay them much attention. His only concern is the storm passing on the horizon, and the **shepherd** (13) , raising his **flask** (14) to his lips, seems more carefree still.","t08-c1-06-1":"6. — The heat is oppressive: even the **dog** (15) comes to cool off; he laps the fresh water of the **stream** (16) and startles a poor little **frog** (17) that had been crouching in the grass on the bank. It leaps into the clear water where the **water lilies** (18) are in bloom.","t08-c1-07-1":"7. — A **wagtail** (19) is bathing beside the little **spring** (20) that gushes out between two rocks and hides under the **thorny scrub** (21) and the **hawthorn bushes** (22) .","t08-tit-3":"The Harvest.","t08-c1-08-1":"8. — For country children, the corn harvest is a very entertaining time. They turn merry **somersaults** (24) on the **straw heaps** (23) , they help the **harvesters** (26) , and while these mow the **cornfield** (27) with their **scythes** (25) , well sharpened on the **whetstone** (30) , they gather the corn and tie it into **sheaves** (31) or **small bundles** (32) .","t08-c1-09-1":"9. — Sometimes the biggest of them get to use a **sickle** (12) on the **golden stalks** (28) that bear the heavy **ears** (29) full of grain; and the little ones, while watching the **cattle** (33) grazing in the **meadow** (34) in the shade of the big **lime tree** (35) , catch the beautiful **butterflies** in their **net** (36) .","t08-c1-09-2":"Some even climb on to the **cart** (37) to arrange the sheaves that are handed up to them on a **pitchfork** (38) .","t08-c1-10-1":"10. — All over the **plain** (39) , where the **larks** (41) take flight, there is a great bustle. Everyone is busy with the harvest. But while the poor go on using the old tools — **scythes, sickles** and **flails** (40) — the wealthy landowners have their wheat or their **rye** (43) cut with a **reaping machine** (42) . Then, without having to carry the sheaves to the barn, great **ricks** (44) are built on the spot.","t08-c1-11-1":"11. — Then a **threshing machine** (47) is brought up, driven by a **portable engine** (45) through a **driving belt** (46) , and in this way the grain is separated from the **straw** without leaving the field where it was sown.","t08-tit-4":"The Storm.","t08-c1-12-1":"12. — Violent **storms** (53) often break at harvest time. First the rumble of the **thunder** is heard far off; a strong **west wind** (54) gets up and bends the biggest trees of the **wood** (49) until they groan. Black **clouds** (56) roll across the sky; they are crossed by the blinding zigzags of the **lightning** (55) . The **rain**, and sometimes the **hail**, begins to fall, flattening the crop that is ready to be cut.","t08-c1-13-1":"13. — Often the lightning sets a building on fire. Last year, for instance, the roof of the **windmill** (50) was burnt to ashes and two of its **sails** (51) were shattered.","t08-c1-14-1":"14. — After a few hours, calm returns. A brilliant **rainbow** (52) appears on the horizon, and nature picks up the life that had been interrupted for a while. The country people, who had taken shelter in the **huts** (48) , go back to work and set about bravely repairing the damage they have just suffered.","t08-tit-5":"*Second scene.*","t08-tit-6":"Hunting. — The Grape Harvest. — Fishing.","t08-c2-01-1":"1. — Towards the end of **August** or the middle of **September**, depending on the region, the shooting season opens. The first rays of the sun have hardly brought the **lizards** (2) out of their holes before the **sportsman** (5) sets out with his **dogs** (4) .","t08-c2-02-1":"2. — He has put on his stout **shooting suit** (9) of thick cloth, and leather **gaiters** that will let him walk through the wet grass where the **toads** (1) hide; he has taken his **gun** (6) and his **game bag** (10) , and off he goes.","t08-c2-03-1":"3. — The eagerness of the chase brings him into the middle of a vineyard where the grape harvest is in full swing. The winegrower’s children, who usually watch the goats by the roadside, are letting them graze wherever they like today, and after tying to a stake an old **billy goat** (3) who would certainly take advantage of his freedom to run off, they too are taking their share of the fun. One takes a bunch of grapes from a **grape basket** (12) and has fun squeezing the **juice** (14) into a **cup** (13) to make must (unfermented wine). Another is crowning himself with a **wreath of leaves** (15) he has just plaited. Near them, bold **sparrows** (16) come right up to the press to steal the grapes.","t08-c2-04-1":"4. — While the children amuse themselves, the men work. The **grape pickers** (18) carry the grapes down to the cellar in **back baskets** (17) ; a **cooper** (19) mends the **casks** (20) , checks that the **staves** (22) and the **heads** (21) are sound, and replaces the broken **hoops** (23) . It was he too who made the great **vats** (25) into which the **grapes** (26) are poured to ferment.","t08-c2-05-1":"5. — When the fermentation is over, the wine is drawn off and the remains are put on the **press** (28) ; by tightening the great **screw** (29) little by little, the juice is squeezed out and runs into a **tub** (32) , yielding still more **wine** (31) .","t08-tit-8":"Beer and Cider.","t08-c2-06-1":"6. — Up the wall of the **cellar** (27) climbs a branch of **hops** (30) . Here it is only an ornamental plant, but in some countries, where the vine is very rare, hops are grown to make **beer**.","t08-c2-07-1":"7. — The little **apple tree** (33) is laden with apples that will make excellent **cider** when they are ripe. In their **cage** (34) the **canary** (35) and the **goldfinch** (36) look with envious eyes at the sparrows frisking about in freedom.","t08-c2-08-1":"8. — As far as the eye can see, on the slope of the hills, stand rows of **vine stakes** (40) supporting the magnificent **vine stocks** (39) , heavy with **bunches**.","t08-c2-08-2":"All year long the **winegrower** (42) has worked to tend his **vineyard** (38) , and now he is rewarded for his pains with a fine crop. The **women pickers** (41) fill the vats set on the cart drawn by **mules** (43) , and everyone is cheerful.","t08-tit-9":"Fishing.","t08-c2-09-1":"9. — The same is true of the **anglers** (44) , who came at first light to settle on the water’s edge with their **fishing rods** (45) .","t08-c2-09-2":"The **fish** (47) take the hook as soon as they drop their **line** (46) into the water, and they have hardly time to renew the **bait** before a new victim is wriggling at the end of the line.","t08-c2-09-3":"Still, the **net fisherman** (48) , who casts his net from his **boat** (49) into the middle of the **river** (50) , catches a good many more.","t08-c2-10-1":"10. — Fall is the season for good outings: on foot, on **horseback** (52) , by **bicycle** (53) , by **car** (54) . The **roads** (51) are clean and people make the most of the last fine days, because the **swallows** (56) are already gathering on the roofs to fly off to warmer countries. The leaves of the old **walnut tree** (57) are turning yellow, the **walnuts** are falling, and the tall **trees** standing in a **clump** (58) on the **high ground** (59) will soon be bare.","t08-c2-11-1":"11. — The **sun** (60) rises later, the days grow shorter, you start to feel a fairly sharp chill in the **morning**, and already flights of **woodcock** (61) are leaving our inhospitable climate.","t09-apar-1":"CHART No. 9","t09-tit-1":"*First scene.*","t09-tit-2":"The Mountain. — The Spa Town.","t09-c1-01-1":"1. — I have been at Pratz for a week. I cannot express all the wonder I felt when I stood before the marvelous **mountain range** (1) of the Pyrenees, whose **crest** (2) stands out against the blue sky like a giant scallop.","t09-c1-02-1":"2. — I had not imagined that the Pyrenean **summits** (3) could reach such a great **height**, and I was amazed by the magnificent **glaciers** (5) and the snow-covered **peaks** (4) down which such terrifying **avalanches** sweep.","t09-tit-3":"Mountain landscape.","t09-c1-03-1":"3. — The very day after I arrived, I went to the old extinct **volcano** (6) near Pratz. On the bare, barren rim of the **crater** you can still clearly see the traces left by the **lava** that flowed, several centuries ago, down the **mountainside** (7) . On one of the **slopes** I managed to find a few fragments of that lava.","t09-c1-04-1":"4. — Pratz stands on the frontier, and the **fortress** (8) that guards the **pass** (27) between France and Spain is quite like those old castles on the banks of the Rhine that seem to be watching for **prey** from the top of their rock.","t09-c1-05-1":"5. — A huge **eagle** (9) , which has its eyrie not far from the **fort** (8) , often catches my attention. This **bird of prey**, with its powerful **beak**, often brings its young a lamb or a kid held in its **talons**. Its **wings** are so large that it can glide for a long while with its heavy load.","t09-tit-4":"The Walker.","t09-c1-06-1":"6. — The pleasantest walk here is the trip to the **waterfall** (10) of Cau. The **falling water** tumbles down in a swirl and then disappears as a pretty **stream** in the **fir wood** (11) west of the town. We climbed through this wood as far as the **weather station** (12) , and from the top of the **lookout** we took in the whole **panorama** of the district. The **landscape** is superb, and **nature** seems to have poured every treasure she has into this country.","t09-c1-07-1":"7. — To come down again we took the **funicular** (13) and stopped at a small **station** near the **ruins** (14) of an old **feudal castle** once lived in by the lords of Pratz.","t09-c1-08-1":"8. — Poor castle! What must it think when it sees below it the neat **spa town** (15) , now a fashionable **thermal resort**?","t09-c1-08-2":"The **climate** is so pleasant and the **mineral water** so beneficial that the **course of treatment** taken at the **sanatorium** (17) is a real pleasure.","t09-tit-5":"A pleasant spa town.","t09-c1-09-1":"9. — Everything, indeed, has been done to make the stay agreeable. A great **viaduct** (16) was built to carry a railroad; the **park** (18) of the **pump room**, where **concerts** are given, is laid out charmingly. Several graceful **villas** (19) have been built around the **casino** (21) , and a very well kept **highway** (22) makes getting about extremely easy.","t09-c1-10-1":"10. — A simple **embankment** (23) separates the **road** (20) from the **valley** (25) proper, at the bottom of which lies a graceful little **lake** (26) that feeds a clear **stream** (24) .","t09-c1-11-1":"11. — On the other side of the valley an iron **mine** (28) is being worked. Several times I went to watch the **miners** going down the **shaft**, and I even went into the **gallery** where they spend their day extracting the **ore** that holds the **metal**.","t09-c1-12-1":"12. — A large **foundry** was built beside the mine to put its riches to use straight away. The **blast furnace** (29) , heated with the **coal** that is plentiful here, makes it possible to obtain **pig iron** quickly and cheaply.","t09-c1-13-1":"13. — Not far from the mine a **quarry** (30) is being cut. What the old **quarryman** breaks off with his **pick** is neither **granite** nor **porphyry** nor even **sandstone**, but plain **building stone** for putting up houses.","t09-c1-14-1":"14. — One of the finest ornaments of this country is the **fir tree** (31) . Everywhere — at the bottom of a **ravine** (32) , on the bank of a **torrent** (33) , beside a **chasm** (34) or a precipice — its slender needles add their note of green.","t09-tit-6":"Walking.","t09-c1-15-1":"15. — I am making the most of the holidays to take long walks. The **paths** (35) that wind up the mountain let you cover several **kilometers**, and often several **leagues**, without noticing the distance.","t09-c1-15-2":"**Milestones** (36) and **signposts** (37) mark out the paths, where you often meet a young **mountain lad** (38) with a **knapsack** (40) at his side, carrying a **marmot** (39) , or some **gypsy** (41) whose **fur cap** (42) contrasts oddly with his torn old **hood** (43) . He leads a performing **bear** (44) on a **chain**.","t09-tit-7":"Climbing.","t09-c1-16-1":"16. — Almost every day I go with a **guide** (48) to make a **climb**, and I am very proud when, with my **pack** (47) on my back and my **alpenstock** in my hand, like a real **tourist** (46) , I attack the **rocks** (45) .","t09-c1-17-1":"17. — From the top of a mountain, the people of the plain look no bigger than ants; a **flock of sheep** (50) grazing in a **pasture** (49) looks like a child’s toy. A **pine** (51) , or even a **wooden chalet** (52) , is hardly more than a speck on the green.","t09-c1-18-1":"18. — On these outings we often meet on the **track** (53) a **chamois hunter** (54) carrying on his shoulder the animal he has just killed.","t09-c1-19-1":"19. — I have put in my herbarium a very remarkable frond of **fern** (55) and a pretty pink sprig of **heather** (57) , which I gathered at the mouth of a little **cave** (56) on my last walk.","t09-tit-8":"*Second scene.*","t09-tit-9":"The Forest. — The Hunt.","t09-c2-01-1":"1. — Yesterday I spent a delightful day in the forest. The busy life of the animals and the **insects** (5) that live there fascinated me.","t09-c2-01-2":"The **spider** (1) spinning its **web** (2) between two branches to catch the passing **fly** (3) , the **snail** (4) labouring along with its shell, the stag beetle scouting for its prey, the busy ant hard at work near the **anthill** (6) — all these small creatures came and went and worked with extraordinary energy.","t09-c2-02-1":"2. — A **snake** (7) , which at first I took for a **viper** but which was only a harmless **grass snake**, was curled up under a tree trunk, now and then poking out its slender little head, which always seemed ready to bite. In front of me a big **slug** (8) was crawling heavily along after devouring one of the tasty little **wild strawberries** (11) that grow here in abundance.","t09-c2-03-1":"3. — The ground was carpeted with **woodland flowers**: **primroses** (9) , **periwinkles** (10) and many other plants I could not name were in bloom among the **tufts of grass** (12) .","t09-c2-04-1":"4. — In this district the **truffle** is almost as common as the **mushroom** (14) , and a **young pig** (13) belonging to a forester was greedily hunting to see whether it could find some.","t09-tit-10":"Poaching.","t09-c2-05-1":"5. — I saw the **end** of a scene that I found very funny. Thanks to the nose of his **basset hound** (15) , the **forester** (16) had just surprised a **poacher** (22) at the moment when the man was getting ready to carry off the **game** (17) he had killed. Preferring to give up his catch rather than be arrested, the poacher had fled, and **hare** (18) , **hind** (19) , **roe deer** (20) and **wild boar** (21) lay on the grass, to the forester’s delight.","t09-c2-06-1":"6. — The variety of trees the forest holds is astonishing. The **beeches** (23) and the **birches** (26) , the **pines**, which yield **resin** (27) , the **oaks** (29) and many others besides mingle their branches.","t09-c2-06-2":"The **ivy** (24) clinging to the trunks of the tall trees gives the **high wood** (25) a brilliant green, which blends pleasantly with the paler, softer shade of the **moss** (31) in which the **green woodpecker** (30) hunts for insects.","t09-tit-11":"Forest landscape.","t09-c2-07-1":"7. — The old oaks charmed me. Their big twisted **roots** (32) , half out of the ground, give them a splendid look of strength and vigor, and I wonder how the **owner** (35) can bring himself to have them felled and handed over to the **saw** (34) of the **woodcutter** (33) . The poor **trunks** (36) , stripped of their **bark** (37) or split by the **axe** (38) of the **day labourer** (39) , grieve me.","t09-c2-08-1":"8. — Close by, an old **charcoal burner** (41) had built up with his **shovel** a **stack** (42) of charcoal, and an old woman was carrying away a **bundle** (40) of **dead wood** made of twigs from the felled trees.","t09-tit-12":"The Hunt.","t09-c2-09-1":"9. — I meant to go and rest for a while at the **forester’s house** (46) , but when I reached the little **pond** (43) , on which a handsome **swan** (45) was swimming, I noticed that a recent **flood** (44) had turned the path into a real **marsh**. I had to make a detour, and as I passed the **cedar** (49) , the **poplars** (48) and the **elm** (47) that stand on the edge of the forest, I saw, breaking out of a **thicket** (54) , a magnificent **stag** (50) , chased by a relentless **pack of hounds** (51) urged on by the **horn** (53) of the **mounted huntsmen** (52) . The poor beast was utterly spent. It fell dying a few paces from me.","t09-c2-10-1":"10. — The forester’s son, drawn out by the noise of the **hunt**, came out of the house, and the two of us went back into the forest. He had seen a **magpie** (56) on the branch of an old oak. He thought its nest must be hidden in the **foliage** (58) and wanted to take it.","t09-c2-10-2":"Nimble as a **squirrel** (61) , he climbed from **branch** (55) to branch, but he found nothing and managed only to startle an old **crow** (60) perched on a **bough** (57) .","t10-apar-1":"CHART No. 10 The Sea. — The Port.","t10-01-1":"1. — In summer, while some look for calm and cool air in the mountains, others prefer to go to the coast. That is what we did last year, for we are very fond of the **ocean** (1) .","t10-02-1":"2. — I love gazing at that immense sheet of water stretching to the **horizon** (2) , and in watching the huge **steamships** (3) set off on a long **crossing** with the travelers bound for America on board.","t10-03-1":"3. — So my father, who knows what I like, always picks a very quiet beach near one of our great **naval ports** for the holidays.","t10-03-2":"During our last stay, the **squadron** came and dropped anchor behind the huge **breakwater** (4) that closes and protects the **naval harbor** (5) , and I was able to admire at leisure the various **warships**, from the small **submarine** (10) , which dives and disappears beneath the water, to the enormous **battleship** (9) , which until now had little to fear but the attacks of the **torpedo boat** (8) .","t10-tit-2":"The small craft.","t10-04-1":"4. — It could already find the weak point in the thick metal armor very **cleverly**, and plant there the dangerous **torpedo** whose explosion sinks the ship; but it was still less to be feared than the submarine, because the destroyers can easily run it down.","t10-05-1":"5. — I was also able to see the fast armored **cruisers** (6) , almost as invulnerable as a true battleship, several **troopships** (12) , three or four **gunboats** (7) , and lastly a **frigate** (11) . **The sight of that fleet weighing anchor is most interesting of all.**","t10-06-1":"6. — What a difference in build between those great masses of steel and the elegant **three-masters** or the graceful **sailing ships** (13) still used in the merchant fleet, which I would see coming into port under full sail as I walked along the **pier** (14) . It is true that they lost much of their advantage when the **wind** was against them. They had to take in all sail to enter the dock, and a **tug** (16) was needed to fetch them and bring them in to the quay like plain **barges** (17) .","t10-tit-3":"The commercial port.","t10-07-1":"7. — What makes the port I am speaking of so interesting is that it holds not only a naval harbor, made artificially by gigantic works, but also a marvelous **commercial port** at the **mouth** of a great river.","t10-08-1":"8. — The tongue of land separating the two docks is fortified and defended by a line of **batteries** and **bastions** reaching out into the sea. A special permit is needed to walk on the **ramparts** (15) . I got one easily through my uncle, who is an engineer at the **shipyards** (18) , and I went to see the ships being built under vast sheds.","t10-09-1":"9. — I even saw a battleship launched, and I remember the thrill the whole crowd felt when the enormous mass, left to itself, began to slide down its cradle and came to float on the water of the river.","t10-10-1":"10. — To reach the shipyards you cross the **parade ground** (19) , where the garrison troops come to drill every day, and go over an iron **footbridge** (20) linking the parade ground to the **arsenal** (21) .","t10-tit-4":"The Arsenal and the docks.","t10-11-1":"11. — With my uncle I visited that great establishment full of **guns** (22) , **cannonballs** (23) and **shells**. I also saw the **ironworks** (24) where the **boilers** (25) of the steamships are made.","t10-12-1":"12. — Very near are the **docks** (26) — dry docks — and the very remarkable **floating docks** (27) , in which I was able to see close up, on a ship under repair, the **propeller** (28) , the **keel** (29) and the **rudder** (30) of a vessel.","t10-13-1":"13. — The commercial port is quite as well worth studying as the naval one, and I spent many hours idling on the quays where the **paddle steamers** (31) that go up the river are moored, and watching the **sheer-legs crane** (32) at work, lifting enormous loads as though they were feathers.","t10-tit-5":"The Pilot.","t10-14-1":"14. — I admired the **transatlantic liners** (34) leaving the roadstead with their **flags** (35) flying, steered by a skilful **pilot** (36) who followed beautifully the **channel** marked out by **buoys** (40) and **beacons**, avoiding the **lighters** (41) that are steered with such difficulty by their single square sail. I could make out at the **bow** (37) the second-class **cabins** (39) , and at the **stern** (38) the saloons for the first-class passengers.","t10-15-1":"15. — Sometimes, too, I watched the loading of a **cargo boat** (42) , into which were piled the goods from the **warehouse** (43) and the **harbor station** (44) , brought in by the many trains of the **quayside line** (45) .","t10-tit-6":"Rowing for pleasure.","t10-16-1":"16. — I often went boating in the **wet dock** (53) , where the small **boats** (46) take shelter, and I loved handling the **oar** (47) . I would go up on to the **deck** (48) of a **sailing boat** (49) , climb by the **rigging** (52) up the **mast** (51) into the **yards** (50) , and then go on with my outing in a **skiff** (54) among the heavy **fishing boats** (55) , where the **nets** (56) hang drying.","t10-17-1":"17. — On the **quay** (58) the most varied **goods** (59) passed before me, packed in **crates** (60) or in **bales** (61) . They made up the **cargo** (63) of the barges, and powerful **cranes** (62) lifted them out and set them down on **lorries** (64) while the **carriers** declared them and paid the duty at the **customs house** (65) .","t10-18-1":"18. — At last, when I reached the **swing bridge** (66) or the **lock** (69) , passing the **dredger** (68) that cleans out the **canal** (67) , I would land on the pier beside the **signal mast** (70) .","t10-19-1":"19. — It is on the other side of that pier that the **launches** (71) bringing the squadron’s officers ashore come alongside. It is a fine sight to see the sailors raise their oars in time while the boat, carried by the **wave** (72) , comes easily up to the landing steps. This is the best place to watch the **tide** and the movement of the **ebb** and **flow** on the **beach** (73) .","t10-tit-7":"The Officers’ Club.","t10-20-1":"20. — To get home I took the **electric streetcar** (74) , whose **stop** (75) is at the **post** standing in front of the officers’ club.","t10-20-2":"From the **balcony** (76) of the club, decorated with **anchors** (77) , guns and cannonballs, I often saw a splendid gathering of naval officers: **lieutenants** (78) with their swords, **captains of artillery** (79) and of **infantry** (80) with their **sabers**. Behind them stood a **sailor** (81) who brought them a **telescope** when they wanted to make out what was happening far off.","t10-21-1":"21. — I also saw young **sub-lieutenants** (82) taking their orders from their **commander** (83) or from the **admiral** (84) , while a **quartermaster** (85) waited to carry them out to the ship.","t10-22-1":"22. — From that balcony the view is magnificent: it commands the whole beach with its **tents** (86) and **bathing huts** (87) , and at bathing time you can see the **bathers** (88) splashing about happily in front of the **casino** (89) .","t10-23-1":"23. — At the end of the beach the coast forms a small rocky **peninsula** (91) , where the **breakers** (92) come crashing in and on which a **lighthouse** (93) is built, showing sailors their way by night. This peninsula is joined to the land only by a very narrow **isthmus** (90) .","t10-tit-8":"A general view of the coast.","t10-24-1":"24. — The **cliff** (94) runs on, cut into by the sea, which carves out of it a whimsical series of **bays** (95) and **headlands** (capes), making it most picturesque.","t10-24-2":"On the **plateau** (96) overlooking the **strait** (98) there is a very important **fort** (97) and a few villas.","t10-25-1":"25. — That strait separates from the mainland a very dangerous **island** (99) , ringed with **rocks** (100) and **reefs**, where boats and even large ships are sometimes wrecked. However prompt the rescue and however quickly the **lifeboats** arrive, these **shipwrecks** are terrible, and in the equinoctial **gales** several ships have been lost with all hands and cargo.","t10-25-2":"In spite of that neighborhood, **the port** is much used by sailors.","t11-apar-1":"THIRD SERIES CHART No. 11 The Town and its buildings. — The Fire.","t11-tit-1":"The Outskirts.","t11-c1-01-1":"1. — I live in a large town a hundred kilometers from the ocean, which is nevertheless a first-rate **port** (1) . The river that runs along it is four hundred meters wide and forms a very fine roadstead.","t11-c1-02-1":"2. — The whole part of the town along the **quays** (2) has an entirely maritime and industrial look, and forms a **suburb** (3) lived in only by sailors and workers. The latter work in the **factories** (4) and at the **gasworks** (5) , whose tall **chimney** (6) and **gasholder** can be seen from a long way off.","t11-c1-03-1":"3. — In the Middle Ages the town was fortified, and some remains of its ramparts can still be found, in particular the **gate** (8) of the old **fortified castle** (7) flanked by its two **towers** (9) , which are now used as a **prison**.","t11-c1-04-1":"4. — In this whole **quarter**, which looks very old, only one building is comparatively modern: the **customs house** (10) . It stands between the quay and the little **street** (11) leading to the old **town hall** (12) . That last building is easy to recognise by the giant **belfry** (13) that towers over the old city.","t11-c1-05-1":"5. — On the other side of the street **stands** a building in the same style as the customs house: it is the **exchange** (14) . One of its fronts looks on to a small square where the **prefecture** (15) is. Our town is not a capital, but it is still an important county town.","t11-tit-2":"The Upper Part of the Town.","t11-c1-06-1":"6. — The garrison, a fairly large one, is housed in vast and very healthy **barracks** (16) ; they stretch as far as the railings of the **municipal park** (17) . The **boulevard** (19) leading to this park passes behind the **savings bank** (18) and comes out on the **cathedral** (20) square.","t11-c1-07-1":"7. — All these buildings rise in tiers on a small hill where our large **secondary school** (21) also stands.","t11-c1-07-2":"If you go down a slightly sloping road that joins the High Street, you come to the **law courts** (22) , in front of which lies a pleasant **public garden** (26) . This **square** is not very large, but in the middle of the town it makes an oasis of greenery and cool air. So the townspeople use it a lot, and like to come and sit under the awning of the **café** (25) to listen to the military band that plays on Thursdays and Sundays in the **bandstand** (27) set among the lawns and flower beds.","t11-c1-08-1":"8. — On one of those lawns stands a bronze **statue** (28) , a monument raised to the memory of one of our townsmen who did great service to the town where he was born.","t11-tit-3":"Getting about.","t11-c1-09-1":"9. — Our town is not yet lit by electric light; it has only **gas lamps** (29) . But the **local press** is campaigning for that system of lighting to be improved, **just as** the tramways’ **system of traction** has already been improved. The old carriages **drawn** by **horses** have been replaced by practical **electric streetcars** (31) , which carry passengers quickly from one end of **the town to the other** at a very **low** fare.","t11-c1-10-1":"10. — Near the law courts is the **bank** (32) , where commercial bills are discounted. The **bank messengers** (33) go round to people’s homes to collect what is owed.","t11-tit-4":"Art and Learning.","t11-c1-11-1":"11. — The fine building close by is the **museum**. It houses at once the town **library** (34) , some fine **natural history collections** (35) (a natural history museum) and a graceful **picture gallery** (36) that makes a splendid permanent **exhibition**.","t11-c1-11-2":"It is open to the public twice a week, but visitors can see it any day for a small tip to the **attendant** (37) . **Painters** (38) come to work there. You can see them **in front of** their easels, **palette** in hand, copying the famous pictures.","t11-c1-12-1":"12. — On the heights behind the museum you can just make out the **dome** (40) of the **hospital** (39) and the buildings of the **teachers’ training college** (41) where the teachers of our state schools were trained. On Theater Square there is a **post office** (43) housed in a **private house** (42) .","t11-tit-5":"The Fire.","t11-tit-6":"The Cry of Fire.","t11-c2-01-1":"1. — Alarming news is spreading through the town: fire has just broken out at the theater! By the time I reach the **square** (96) , the crowd has already gathered on the **sidewalk** (46) and on the **roadway** (47) . The **postal clerks** (44) and the **mail carriers** (45) are coming out of the post office. A **streetcar driver** (48) has had to stop his streetcar to let through a municipal **ambulance** (50) arriving with a **surgeon** (52) and a **nurse** (51) to attend to an **injured man** (53) carried on a **stretcher** (54) to a spot near the **newspaper kiosk** (55) .","t11-c2-02-1":"2. — A company of infantry on its way back from drill has stopped to help keep order with the mounted **municipal guards** (61) . The **horsemen**, whose horses rear up, do better than the **soldiers** (57) or the **gendarmes** (63) at pushing back the **onlookers** (56) . The gendarmes have their hands full anyway. One of them is telling the **police officers** (64) where to carry another **casualty** (65) , a brave fireman who has fallen from a ladder.","t11-c2-03-1":"3. — The **officer** (66) points out exactly where the **steam pump** (67) now arriving must be placed. While waiting for that powerful machine, he has had a **hand pump** (68) set up, whose long **hose** (69) pours torrents of water on the fire. Six firemen are working it, while their comrade, holding the **nozzle** (70) , aims the **jet** (71) at the heart of the blaze.","t11-c2-04-1":"4. — On the other side of the theater the big **ladder** (72) has been raised. It lets the firemen get close to the flames leaping up amid swirls of black **smoke** (75) .","t11-tit-7":"Brave Deeds.","t11-c2-05-1":"5. — The **fire** (74) started in the foyer of the **theater** (73) , during a rehearsal of the **opera** whose first **performance** was due tomorrow. Fortunately there were only a few **spectators** (76) in the auditorium. The poor people took refuge on the **balcony** (77) , where brave **firemen** (86) are coming to their help with a ladder and ropes.","t11-c2-06-1":"6. — Under the **portico** (78) , where the **playbill** (79) announces the performance, the **musicians** (81) of the **orchestra** (80) can be seen fleeing, carrying off their instruments: **violin** (81) , **flute** (82) , **cello** (83) , **trombone** (84) , **drum** (85) , and so on. People are trying to save part of the **furniture** (87) .","t11-c2-07-1":"7. — The **actors** (89) and **actresses** (88) , **singers** both men and women, have had to run out in their stage **costumes** (90) . The tenor is explaining to a **journalist** (92) how it happened. **The reporter** came running from the very first moment along with the authorities: the **prefect** (91) , the **mayor** (93) , the **superintendent of police** (94) and a **magistrate** (95) , who will hold an inquiry to establish where the responsibility lies.","t12-apar-1":"CHART No. 12 The Station. — The Railways. — The Boats. Note. — *The timetables used in each country differ, so we have taken the times of the* **French chart** *as our example.*","t12-01-1":"1. — I have just made a journey through Germany. Before setting out, I had bought a **timetable** (15) to find out the departure times of the trains. Having found that the most convenient train left Paris at nine in the evening and reached Strasbourg at one thirteen, I made ready for my journey, and the next day I had myself driven to the station.","t12-02-1":"2. — When I came into the great departure hall, behind an old country **priest** (2) carrying his **traveling bag** (3) , a good many **travelers** (1) had already arrived.","t12-02-2":"As I wanted to send a **telegram** (5) , I had an **inspector** (6) point out the **telegraph office** (4) to me.","t12-03-1":"3. — Before going through to the **waiting room** (7) , I went to get myself a return **ticket** (9) .","t12-04-1":"4. — I did not wait long at the **ticket window** (8) , because there were hardly any people there. A **soldier** (10) going off on leave kindly gave me his turn, so I had time to ask a few questions of the **stationmaster** (13) , who was talking with the **police superintendent** (12) and the **gendarme** (11) on duty.","t12-tit-1":"Registering the baggage.","t12-05-1":"5. — After buying a paper at the **newsstand** (14) , I had my **baggage** (17) weighed — a **porter** (16) had just brought it up on a **baggage cart** (19) . The **clerk** (22) in charge of the **weighing machine** (21) told me that my trunk weighed thirty-five kilograms, which made an **excess** of five kilograms, for which I had to pay a supplement at the **baggage window** (23) .","t12-06-1":"6. — As I was early, I had time to watch the movement of travelers about the station. Some were leaving or collecting small bags at the **baggage room** (25) ; others were consulting the **timetables** (26) . Arriving travelers hurried towards the **exit** (32) with their **suitcases** (24) in hand. A few waited at the **baggage claim** (27) and handed over their **ticket** (29) to collect their trunks, **crates** (28) or **baskets** (30) .","t12-07-1":"7. — The **excise officers** (33) went carefully through the parcels to see whether there was anything to declare.","t12-08-1":"8. — Some travelers made for the **refreshment room** (34) , where a **waiter** (35) was busy serving them. They had to hurry, because the **train** (36) , an express, would not stay long in the station.","t12-09-1":"9. — Then I went out on to the departure platform and looked for a through **carriage** (37) so as not to have to change during the journey. I got into a corridor coach with a **compartment** (38) for smokers and one reserved for “ladies traveling alone”.","t12-tit-2":"Setting off by night.","t12-10-1":"10. — After climbing the **step** (40) , shutting the **door** (39) , rolling up the **blind** (41) and putting my small bags in the **baggage rack** (43) , I sat down on the **seat** (42) . Seeing the **lamp man** (44) light the lamps, I remembered that I had a night to spend in the carriage and called the attendant in charge of hiring out **pillows** (45) to ask him for one.","t12-11-1":"11. — The guard came to check the tickets. I asked him why we had not left, since it was already time. He answered that the **train chief** (46) was busy having bicycles put in the **baggage car** (47) . Besides, not all the **foot warmers** (48) had been changed yet.","t12-12-1":"12. — But we were about to leave: the **fireman** (50) , up on his **tender** (49) , was taking coal to stoke the fire of the **locomotive** (54) , and **the driver** (51) was waiting only for the signal from the **assistant stationmaster** (52) , who stood on the **platform** (53) .","t12-13-1":"13. — The **boiler** (56) of the locomotive rumbled dully; the **funnel** (55) threw out torrents of smoke mixed with **steam** (60) . A shrill **whistle** (59) rang out and the **pistons** (58) began to move, driving the **wheels** (57) of the heavy machine.","t12-tit-3":"Off we go!","t12-14-1":"14. — The train, running on the **rails** (64) , picked up speed; the **platforms** (65) came to an end; we passed the **lavatories** (66) , and also a line of carriages standing on another **track** (63) : **sleeping cars** (67) , a **dining car** (68) , a **mail van** (69) .","t12-15-1":"15. — Then the **freight yard** (71) passed before our eyes. Under the sheds, clerks were loading the **goods** (72) sent by slow train. **Shunters** (76) near the **water tower** (73) were moving **stock cars** (75) and **flatcars** (79) to make up a **freight train** (80) .","t12-16-1":"16. — We crossed the last **points** (78) , beside which the signalman was standing; we passed the **signal** (86) and the station vanished into the distance.","t12-17-1":"17. — Soon we went out on to the **iron bridge** (74) that crosses the **river** (81) . Once over the bridge, we ran along the river, on which powerful **tugs** (82) were pulling heavy **barges** (83) . We also saw a **passenger boat** (84) just coming alongside a **landing stage** (85) .","t12-18-1":"18. — After racing through several stations, we went through a few **tunnels** (87) and left behind us countless **cottages** (88) belonging to the **crossing keepers**. Rocked by the swaying of the train, I fell into a deep sleep.","t12-tit-4":"Deutsch-Avricourt Station.","t12-19-1":"19. — I was suddenly woken by the voice of an official shouting: “Deutsch-Avricourt! (*) All change!” It was the customs inspection and all the tiresome formalities of the frontier. I had to set my watch by the station **clock** (89) , which was fifty-five minutes fast; barely awake, I could hardly tell the **big hand** (90) from the **little one** (91) ; the **face** (92) itself was quite blurred by the morning mist.","t12-20-1":"20. — While the customs officers went through their inspection, I yawned my way through the **posters** (93) that decorate the station walls. I had breakfast to pass the time, consulted the map of the German **network** (94) to see how far I still was from Strasbourg, and got back into my car, heartened by the hope of soon reaching my journey’s end.","t13-apar-1":"CHART No. 13 The Hotel. — The Restaurant. — The Café.","t13-01-1":"1. — I got to Royan yesterday evening and checked in at the *Ocean Hotel*, which a friend had recommended.","t13-01-2":"I was given a fine **room** (2) on the second **floor** (1) , where I slept very well (*) .","t13-02-1":"2. — This morning, on leaving my room, where the **maid** (3) had brought me my breakfast, I went into the **smoking room** (5) , which also serves as a **reading room** (4) , to look through the **newspapers** (6) while smoking a **cigarette** (8) . When I had finished reading, I went down in the **lift** (9) and set off for a walk through the town.","t13-03-1":"3. — As I had forgotten to ask the hotel **clerk** (12) at what time meals were served at the **table d’hôte** (11) , I came back early and took the chance to have a bath in the hotel **bathroom** (10) . Then I went back to the **cash desk** (15) to telephone one of my friends. But the **telephone** (13) was engaged; seeing that I was at a loss, the **cashier** (14) , who was entering a **bill** (17) in the **guest register** (16) , asked the **hall porter** (18) to send the **page boy** (19) to run my errand on his **bicycle** (20) .","t13-04-1":"4. — I thanked her and went out to tip the **porter** (24) (the odd-job man), who had brought from the station on his **handcart** (25) my **hatbox** (26) , my **suitcase** (27) and my **traveling bag** (28) . The **mail carrier** (21) , arriving just then, handed me a **letter** (22) .","t13-05-1":"5. — I stayed a little longer on the doorstep, near the **letterbox** (23) , watching the traffic in the street. The **driver** (30) of the **omnibus** (29) was loading on to his vehicle the **trunk** (31) of a **guest** (32) to whom the **hotel keeper** (33) was saying goodbye. A young **telegraph boy** (35) was bringing, in no hurry at all, a **telegram** (34) for one of the hotel’s guests; a **tourist** (36) , with his **camera** (38) slung over his shoulder, was consulting his **guidebook** (37) .","t13-tit-1":"Lunchtime.","t13-06-1":"6. — In front of the railings, a placid **errand man** (39) was dozing between his **carrying hooks** (40) and his **shoeshine box** (41) , while a young **laundress** (42) carrying a **basket** (43) of linen laughed at the solemn air of the **head waiter** (44) standing by the door.","t13-07-1":"7. — The sight of the **cook** (45) , who had come out of his **kitchen** (47) in the **basement** (48) to send a **kitchen boy** (46) on an errand, reminded me that lunchtime was near, and I went to the restaurant across the yard, where a **motorist** (50) was parking his **car** (49) while a **mechanic** (52) was repairing, on instructions from the **cyclist** (53) , a **motor tricycle** (51) that had just had an accident.","t13-08-1":"8. — I asked a young **groom** (54) carrying **glasses of beer** (55) whether the table d’hôte was under the veranda, and when he said it was, I took a seat at one of the tables and had an excellent meal.","t13-tit-2":"An excellent lunch.","t13-09-1":"9. — The waiter brought me the lunch menu (*) and the wine list. I made my choice and ordered **prawns** with **butter** as a **starter**, and, for the first course, **tripe Caen style**. I had no **fish**, but asked for a portion of **leg** of lamb and, as a **vegetable**, creamed **spinach**. Then, since none of the **sweet courses** appealed to me, I had them bring a variety of desserts: **cheese**, **fruit** and **biscuits**. I added an excellent Saint-Émilion **wine**, and, very pleased with my meal, I left the table after giving the **waiter** (57) a handsome **tip** (59) .","t13-10-1":"10. — Seeing that I was ready to leave, the **manager** (60) suggested I step out on to the balcony to admire the splendid panorama of the **ocean** (62) . In the distance you could make out small fishing **boats** (63) , **sailing ships** (64) and an enormous **liner** (65) whose black silhouette stood out against the white **clouds** (67) on the **horizon** (66) . A light breeze stirred the **flag** (70) planted above the **sign** (69) of the **hall** (68) .","t13-tit-3":"Amusements.","t13-11-1":"11. — The sight was so interesting that I decided to go up on to the café terrace the next day, taking with me a pair of **opera glasses** (71) or a **telescope** (72) .","t13-12-1":"12. — On leaving the balcony I went to the hotel café for a **drink** (73) and a game of **billiards** (75) . I walked straight through the café room, where many customers were playing **chess** (78) , **checkers** (79) , **dominoes** (80) , **backgammon** (81) or **cards** (82) , and went straight up to the **billiard room** (74) .","t13-13-1":"13. — When the game was over, I went down to the ground floor and asked the waiter for an **envelope** (84) , some **paper** (83) , a **postage stamp** (85) , a **pen** (87) and some **ink** (86) to write a letter.","t13-13-2":"Then I called a **coachman** (92) whose **carriage** (88) had stopped in front of the café. I asked him his price by the hour and by the trip, and when we had agreed, he opened the **carriage door** (89) for me and settled me inside. He climbed back on to his **seat** (91) , started the horses briskly with his **whip** (93) , and off we went for a delightful drive.","t14-apar-1":"CHART No. 14","t14-tit-1":"The Street. — The Tradespeople.","t14-01-1":"1. — My friend John, who lives in the country, has come to spend three days with my family. **Until** now he had never had the chance to see a big town, so we are spending all our days walking about and I explain to him whatever he does not know.","t14-02-1":"2. — First we went to see the **observatory** (1) , which interested him greatly. Coming back along the **street** (3) where the **Turkish baths** (2) are, we met a **funeral** (4) . At the head of the **funeral procession** walked the **clergy**, ahead of the **hearse** in which the **coffin** had been placed. Many friends followed the family in **mourning**.","t14-02-2":"After the procession had passed, we crossed the street in front of the big **brasserie** (5) , where many **customers** were drinking **beer** on the terrace, sheltered by the glazed **awning** (6) .","t14-03-1":"3. — John was puzzled by the **coat of arms** set between the shop of the **wine and spirits merchant** (7) and that of the **music seller** (10) . He asked me what it meant; I told him it marked the English **consulate** (8) , and pointed out the **consul** (9) standing on the balcony.","t14-tit-2":"Looking at the shops.","t14-04-1":"4. — Naturally we stopped in front of the display of **musical instruments**, **harmoniums**, **organs** and **pianos**; we looked at the illustrated covers of the **scores** and the piano **pieces**, and admired the gilded wooden **lyre** used as a shop sign.","t14-05-1":"5. — The clouds of dust raised by the **street sweepers** (11) and the **sweeping machine** (12) forced us to hurry past the fine **suites of furniture** at the **furniture dealer’s** (13) and past the display of **stoves** and **lamps** at the **ironmonger’s** (14) .","t14-06-1":"6. — At that spot we did have to leave the sidewalk, because it was blocked by parcels being taken off a **moving van** (16) to be carried into a **shop** (15) that had just been let.","t14-06-2":"That stopped us seeing the fine carriages at the **coachbuilder’s** (17) , but not from stopping to watch the **packer** (19) making a crate for his neighbor, the **cycle and car dealer** (18) . Then, as it was already rather late, we went home.","t14-tit-3":"A walk through the town.","t14-07-1":"7. — The next day my mother suggested that John should have his photograph taken, and asked me to go with him to the **photographer’s** (20) . After lunch we went to the artist’s **studio**, where we had to wait a good while. To pass the time we looked at the **portraits** (22) hanging on the wall.","t14-07-2":"When our turn came it did not take long, and as soon as my friend had finished posing in front of the **camera** (21) , we went back down.","t14-08-1":"8. — On the first floor we saw, through the open door of the **hairdresser’s** (23) , his assistant cutting a customer’s hair.","t14-08-2":"Out in the street again, we passed the **tobacconist’s** (24) . John was so amused by the red **lantern** (25) and the **big pipe** used as a **sign** (26) that he bumped into two old gentlemen chatting over a **pinch of snuff** (27) .","t14-tit-4":"The cake shop.","t14-09-1":"9. — The **banknotes** and **coins** of every country displayed in the **window** of the **money changer’s** (29) held our attention for a moment, but as it was teatime we went into the **pastry cook’s** (31) without stopping any longer.","t14-10-1":"10. — At the sight of all the **good things** the shop held — **cakes, gingerbread, biscuits** and **candy** of every kind — we could hardly choose. In the end John settled on the **cream cakes**, and I took only a small **cherry tart**, because sweet things **give me toothache** and I would rather not visit the **dentist** (30) too often.","t14-tit-5":"Typewriting.","t14-11-1":"11. — To show my friend a **typewriter**, which he had heard of but never seen, we went into the **office** (32) of my **cousin** (34) . We found him dictating his letters to his **secretary** (35) , who is a **shorthand writer**. A letter was hardly finished before a **typist** (33) copied it out on his machine. We did not want to interrupt his work, so we only stayed a few minutes.","t14-12-1":"12. — Below my cousin’s office lives a great **clockmaker and jeweler** (37) who is a silversmith as well. His splendid shop holds many **clocks, mantel clocks, watches**, **chains** and costly **jewels**, such as **pearl necklaces**, gold **bracelets**, **earrings** and **rings** set with **precious stones** and **diamonds**. One of the windows is given over entirely to **silverware** and holds a large collection of silver **cutlery**.","t14-13-1":"13. — Turning the corner of the street, I noticed that the **nameplate** (36) beside the **number** of the house had been changed. I was about to say so out loud when we heard the cheerful sound of a military band. We began to run towards the regiment, without thinking that it was going to pass in front of the shops of the **hatter** (39) and the **glover** (40) , and that we would have been just as well placed to watch it march past by staying in front of the window of the **optician** (38) , full of **pince-nez, spectacles** and **opera glasses**.","t14-tit-6":"The march past.","t14-14-1":"14. — At the head of the **regiment** (41) marched the **drum major** (42) , followed by the **drummers** (43) , the **buglers** (44) and the whole **band**. The **general** (45) , who was on the square with his aide-de-camp, had stopped beside the **fountain jet** (49) of the **fountain** (48) to watch the **parade**.","t14-14-2":"**The staff officers** (46) , the **colonel** and the **lieutenant colonel** saluted him with their swords. **The majors** were at the head of their **battalions** (47) and each **captain** commanded his **company**, while the **lieutenants**, **second lieutenants** and **non-commissioned officers** took their usual places beside their men.","t14-15-1":"15. — Many passers-by had gathered at the **crossroads** (50) ; the shopkeepers — the **umbrella seller** (51) , the **dyer** (53) , the **gunsmith** (54) — came out to see the **soldiers**. Every vehicle — **cabs** (52) , **private carriages** (57) and the **water cart** (56) as well — drew up along the sidewalk.","t14-tit-7":"Scenes in the street.","t14-15-2":"A **commercial traveler** (55) carrying his **sample cases** in his hand crossed the street briskly, and the people sitting on the **upper deck** (59) of the **omnibus** (58) turned round to enjoy the sight. A poor **street singer** (60) with his **barrel organ** (61) had to break off his **song**, because the noise of the drums drowned his voice.","t14-16-1":"16. — When the regiment came in front of the **draper’s shop** (64) , the **seamstresses** (63) and the **tailors** (62) left their **sewing machines** and their work to look out of the window. **The shopkeeper** (65) , who had just put new **suits** (66) in his **window display**, had to move the rolls of **cloth** (67) and **linen** set out on the sidewalk, near the **drain opening** (68) , for fear the crowd would knock them over; even an old **pedlar** (69) , who had a caretaker haggling with him over some stockings, had to step into a hallway to finish his sale.","t14-16-2":"We went with the regiment as far as the barracks and, very pleased with our day, came home at dinner time.","t14-tit-8":"Various trades and professions.","t14-17-1":"17. — The next day my father offered to take us round the printing works of the local paper. We accepted enthusiastically.","t14-17-2":"The **printer** is also a **bookseller** (70) , **publisher**, **stationer** and **bookbinder**. He has put on the first floor the **editorial office** (71) of the paper, and also the **engraving room**, where the **lithographers** (72) and the **copper engravers** (73) work, and finally the composing room, where the **compositors** (74) are. The **press room** (75) proper, the **printing presses** and the various machines, are on the ground floor.","t14-tit-9":"John asks a great many questions.","t14-18-1":"18. — On leaving the printing works, John stopped, greatly puzzled, in front of a small glass box mounted on a pillar opposite the **haberdasher’s** (77) , and asked what it was for. My father explained that it was a **fire alarm** (76) . Indeed everything in the town was a wonder to my friend, from the plain **drinking fountain** (78) and the light **delivery tricycle** (80) ridden by a **page boy** (79) in livery, to the **mail van** (81) .","t14-19-1":"19. — While my father left us for a moment to speak to the **tax collector** (83) , who had stopped to talk with a **barrister** (82) and a **notary** (84) , we amused ourselves following the traffic in the street. The most varied people passed before us: a **pastry cook’s boy** (85) , carrying a splendid **pie** in a basket, came behind a **clothes dealer** (86) ; a **lamplighter** (87) was talking with a **gas fitter** (88) ; a **nun** (89) holding a little orphan girl by the hand was going back to her convent.","t14-tit-10":"On our way home.","t14-20-1":"20. — Just as my father rejoined us, John burst out laughing at the grimy faces and the odd get-up of two **chimney sweeps** (91) black with soot.","t14-21-1":"21. — I wanted to buy a plant for my mother from the **florist** (92) , but my father pointed out that it would be very heavy to carry and that it would be better to get some **oranges**. We went up to the **stallholder** (94) , and when the **governess** (93) , who was choosing some for her young charge, had finished her purchase, we were served.","t14-22-1":"22. — On our way home we met several people we knew: an old friend of my family, leaning on the arm of her **lady companion** (95) , the **engineer** (96) of roads and bridges, and one of my cousins with her **nursemaid** (98) .","t14-22-2":"Then we passed my mother’s **milliner** (97) and two **monks** (99) who were strangers to the town, and who came up to ask my father the way to the station.","t15-apar-1":"CHART No. 15","t15-tit-1":"The Market. — Food.","t15-01-1":"1. — Most of the traders who supply us with the food we need are gathered under the **hall** (1) of the **covered market**, or in the neighboring streets.","t15-02-1":"2. — The **pork butcher** (2) , who sells **ham** (3) , **black pudding** (4) , **sausage** (5) , **chitterling sausage** (6) and **bacon** (7) , stands next to the **butter and cheese seller** (8) , whose stall is laid out with red-rinded **Dutch cheeses** (9) , **Camemberts** (10) , great **wheels of Gruyère** (11) and fresh **pats of butter** (12) .","t15-03-1":"3. — In front of her, a **vegetable seller** (13) offers her customers fine **tomatoes** (14) , **cauliflowers** (15) , **lettuce** (16) , **cabbages** (17) , **pumpkins** (19) , **melons** (18) and even **mushrooms** (20) . But a **brewer’s man**, who has stopped his **delivery cart** (21) loaded with **beer barrels** (22) right in front of her stall, is stopping her customers getting near. A market gardener is bringing her a basket of **artichokes** (23) .","t15-tit-2":"Selling and Buying.","t15-04-1":"4. — The market is bustling, because it is time for the **auction** (24) . The **housewives** (26) who come here to do their shopping stop on their way in front of the stall of the **tripe seller** (25) to buy **tripe** or a **calf’s head**.","t15-05-1":"5. — A stout **cook** (27) is haggling over a very fine **tuna** with the **fishmonger** (28) , who puts her prices up as she pleases. She has had a big delivery of **eels, sole, trout** and **carp**. Her **cod** and her **mussels** are very fresh.","t15-tit-3":"Cheap goods and dear.","t15-06-1":"6. — The **poultry seller** (29) , set up beside her, is very honest. When she sells a **turkey**, a **goose**, a **duck** or a plain **chicken**, she asks no more than the fair price.","t15-07-1":"7. — At the corner of the square, on the first floor, a **linen merchant** (30) has recently set up shop, where buyers are always sure to find a very fine choice of **tablecloths**, **napkins, aprons** and **tea towels**. On the same floor, a **cutler** (31) has set up his workshop. He sharpens the **knives** of the market women and makes the gardeners **pruning hooks** out of the hardest **steel**.","t15-tit-4":"The Grocery.","t15-08-1":"8. — Below his workshop a large food shop opened not long ago. It is no longer the plain, modest **grocer’s shop** (32) of former days, which sold only everyday goods — **tea** (33) , **chocolate** (34) , **loaf sugar** (37) and **soap** (38) . Here everything is sold: **crisp biscuits**, **preserves** (35) , **liqueurs** (36) , **rum, brandy, kirsch, anisette** and **curaçao**. Game is just as easy to find here — **hare** (39) , **thrushes** (40) , **partridges** (41) , **quail** (42) , **wild duck** (43) or **pheasant** (44) — as tropical fruit such as **bananas** (46) and **pineapples**.","t15-09-1":"9. — A very obliging grocer’s **assistant** (45) is ready to hand over whatever is asked for: **jam** (47) , redcurrant or quince, **dripping** (48) , **gherkins** (49) or salted **sardines** (50) .","t15-09-2":"That is very handy for the **customers** (51) , who find, next to the most ordinary goods, the rarest early produce and the tastiest fruit: juicy **pears** (52) , **plums** (53) , **grapes** (54) , **peaches** (55) , **almonds** (56) and **walnuts** (57) .","t15-tit-5":"The Customers.","t15-10-1":"10. — The **rice** (58) and the **lentils** (59) stand beside the box of smoked **herrings** (60) ; the **potato** (61) and the **bean** (63) sit next to the **apples** (62) , **figs** (64) , **prunes** (65) and **hazelnuts** (66) . This shop sells fresh **eggs** (67) and **olives** (68) too, so **baskets** (70) and **string bags** (73) fill up very fast indeed.","t15-11-1":"11. — The **coffee** (72) of this excellent firm has earned a well-deserved name among the **maids** (69) and the cooks, because the old **grocer** (71) roasts it himself with the greatest care.","t15-tit-6":"Things to see.","t15-12-1":"12. — Not everyone comes to the market to buy provisions. In the picturesque coming and going of the little street that leads to the hall, you see the most varied people. Beside a good-natured **slaughterhouse man** (75) pushing a **wheelbarrow** (74) in front of him, there are two soldiers on leave, very proud to show off their bright uniforms: the **hussar** (76) in his blue **dolman** and **plumed shako**, and the **corporal of Zouaves** in baggy breeches with a **fez** on his head.","t15-13-1":"13. — The **baker** (80) , standing on the doorstep of the **bakery** (78) , has just kneaded the dough for his **bread** (79) and taken out of the oven the **croissants** (81) , the **rolls** (82) and the **round loaves** (83) that are in the window.","t15-14-1":"14. — Above the bakery lives a skilful **seamstress** (84) who employs several **embroiderers** (85) . Next to her lives a **laundress and ironer** (86) , who starches the **linen** (88) after washing and drying it, and presses it with an **iron** (87) .","t15-tit-7":"Meat, fish and vegetables.","t15-15-1":"15. — In the **butcher’s shop** (89) on the ground floor, meat of every kind is sold — **mutton** (90) , **beef** (94) or **veal** (92) — as **legs of lamb, steaks, joints** and **chops**. The **butcher’s boy** (93) cuts up all this meat and sets aside the **marrowbones** (96) . At the door of the butcher’s stands an **oyster seller** (97) who sells **oysters** (98) . She will open them for you if you like.","t15-16-1":"16. — All these traders pay a license or a pitch fee; that is why the **policeman** (100) shows no mercy to the poor **street vegetable sellers** (99) , who compete with them by carrying about on their barrows **carrots, radishes, turnips, leeks** or **bundles of asparagus, fresh peas, spinach, sorrel, watercress** and **parsley**.","t15-tit-8":"Look out for the policeman!","t15-17-1":"17. — The boy selling **garlic** (101) and **onions** knows very well that he too is not allowed to sell his goods near the market. He runs off, at the risk of upsetting the basket of **crabs**, **crayfish** and **shrimps** belonging to the **seller** (102) of **spiny lobsters** and **lobsters**.","t15-18-1":"18. — Everyone is bustling about and making a great din; but you can still hear clearly the call of the traveling **glazier** (103) , nor the cry of the **coalman** (104) , who has just left his cart for a moment to deliver a **sack of coal** (105) .","t16-apar-1":"CHART No. 16 The Department Store. — The Bazaar. — The Toys.","t16-01-1":"1. — The new year is coming. The big shops have got ready their displays of **toys** (1) and new year presents.","t16-01-2":"I asked my grandfather to take me to the bazaar to see this fine display, and he agreed.","t16-02-1":"2. — First we stopped in front of some handsome trophies of arms holding a **rifle**, a **peaked cap**, a **saber**, a **sword belt** and a pair of **epaulettes**, or else a **helmet**, a **breastplate** (3) and a **pistol** (4) . All that interested me far more than the **magic lanterns** (2) .","t16-tit-1":"Fine sights.","t16-03-1":"3. — In the same department there was a **sentry** (5) in his **sentry box**; he seemed to be standing guard over a whole cardboard menagerie. What a lot of animals there were! A **parrot** (6) on its perch, a **rhinoceros** (7) with a horn on its nose, a **reindeer** (8) , an **ostrich** (9) , a **monkey** (10) cracking a nut, a **fox** (11) carrying off a hen, a **crocodile** (12) gaping with its enormous jaws, a **camel** (13) , an elegant **greyhound** (14) , a **panther** (15) , and then two beasts I did not know, which are, I am told, a **weasel** (16) and a **hyena** (17) . There was also a **leopard** (18) and a **wolf** (21) ; close by were sweet little **rats** (19) and tiny rubber **mice** (20) . Lastly a **hippopotamus** (22) and a humped **dromedary** (23) completed the collection. I would have stayed there for hours if a splendid camp full of **tin soldiers** (29) nearby had not caught my eye.","t16-tit-2":"Soldiers and war.","t16-04-1":"4. — My grandfather, who is a **disabled veteran** (24) and had to leave the army after a **wound** that earned him the **military medal**, loves to tell me about the **campaigns** he took part in. He was delighted to explain to me the various movements of the little army in miniature. A group of real soldiers visiting the bazaar — an **engineer** (25) , an **alpine light infantryman** (26) in his **beret**, an infantry **sergeant major** (27) and an artillery **sergeant** (28) with a gold **stripe** on his sleeve — stopped near us to listen to the explanations.","t16-05-1":"5. — My grandfather, very proud to have such a distinguished audience, improvised a whole plan of battle.","t16-05-2":"The fortified town, with its **ramparts** and **ditches**, was besieged by the **enemy army**, which, after a long **bombardment**, was preparing to **storm** it. But the **besieged**, driven to it by hunger, had attempted a **sortie** against the **camp** of the **besiegers**. Having beaten off the **attack** in a fierce **fight** around the **tents**, the **victorious** besiegers sent their **squadrons** in **pursuit** of the **defeated** attackers. The latter **retreated**, leaving the **battlefield** strewn with the **dead** and the **wounded**. **Stretcher bearers** carried the wounded off to the **field hospital** to be tended by the **surgeon**.","t16-05-3":"Despite the heroic resistance of a few **battalions** that had formed **square**, the **defeat** was complete; the rest of the army **fled**, leaving many **prisoners** behind. The enemy was about to crown its **victory** by taking the town. Perhaps that would be the end of the campaign, and after an **armistice** a **peace treaty** could be signed.","t16-tit-3":"New year presents.","t16-06-1":"6. — The young soldiers, who laughed as they listened to the veteran’s colourful tale, asked him a few more questions. As for me, I walked round the counter to look at a fine **crossbow** (32) and a **bow** (33) with its **arrow** (31) . There I found another collection of animals: two **songbirds** (34) , a clockwork **nightingale** and **warbler** singing at the top of their voices, and a series of strange beasts — a **bat** (35) , a **boa** (36) , a **tortoise** (37) , a **seal** (38) , a **whale** (39) and a **shark** (40) made of goldbeater’s skin.","t16-07-1":"7. — I did not stop long to look at them, because I had caught sight of the thing I had been dreaming of: a magnificent **puppet theater** (41) with splendid **scenery** and a delightful red **curtain**. On **stage**, two actors seemed to be playing a **part** in a most interesting **play**, because the little cardboard **spectators** in the boxes, or seated in the **stalls** and in the **pit** behind the **conductor**, were applauding warmly.","t16-07-2":"Sadly, that theater was very expensive.","t16-08-1":"8. — Choosing among the toys was difficult anyway, because the windows were piled with toys of every kind: **Harlequin** (42) , **Punch** (43) , **Pierrot** (44) , **owls** (45) flapping their wings, whistling **blackbirds** (46) , barking **poodles**, a **gramophone** (47) and **puzzles**. I loved one of these toys: it showed a **sea battle** (48) in which a **ship** is attacked by **pirates** off a shore planted with **coconut palms**.","t16-09-1":"9. — I could look at all these wonders quite at my leisure, because there were only a few people in the store — barely a handful of idlers, a **dragoon** (49) , and a **collector** (50) presenting a **bill of exchange** at the main **cash desk** (51) .","t16-10-1":"10. — I asked my grandfather what the books on the shelves behind the **cashier** were for; he told me they were the **account books**.","t16-tit-4":"Gazing round the shop.","t16-11-1":"11. — Leaving the toy department, we went to the saddlery to glance at the **saddles** (53) , **stirrups** (54) , **bridles** (55) , **bits** (56) and **riding crops**. While the **department manager** (57) gave my grandfather some information, I went to look at the display of **china** and **glassware** (58) , where there were fine **salad bowls** and delicate **teapots** (59) .","t16-12-1":"12. — To go up to the first floor, we passed behind the window of the **corsets** (60) , next to the hosiery, where very fine **drawers** (63) were laid out. Nearby, a **shop assistant** (61) was helping a **customer** (62) choose fine silk **fabrics** (64) .","t16-12-2":"As I went up the stairs, I noticed that the store was decorated with Japanese **lanterns** (65) , **parasols** (66) and enormous **palms** (70) .","t16-13-1":"13. — On the first floor there was not much to see: only furniture (*) , **safes** (67) , **chests of drawers** (68) and **prams** (69) . But the general view of the store was very **entertaining**.","t16-14-1":"14. — Below us I could see the musical instruments: **harps** (71) , **guitars** (72) , **mandolins** (73) , **cornets** (74) , **clarinets** (75) , violins with their **bows** (76) and even a **bass drum** (77) . A little further on, at the stationery counter, a **student** (78) was haggling with the **shop assistant** (79) over a document case. Near them I could make out a fine **alphabet book** (80) .","t16-14-2":"In the middle of the store stood a tall **Christmas tree** (81) hung all over with candles, trinkets and toys of every kind: **wooden horses** (82) , **dolls** (83) , and so on.","t16-14-3":"The **perfumery** (84) , with its **tooth washes** and its various **perfumes**, gave off a very pleasant smell that rose to us.","t16-tit-5":"We buy something.","t16-15-1":"15. — My grandfather was starting to get bored, so we went back down the great staircase. He stopped for a moment in front of an **astronomy chart** (85) showing, he told me, **comets** (a) , **eclipses of the moon and the sun** (b) , a compass rose with the **four cardinal points** (c) **(north, south, east and west)**, a map of the two **hemispheres** (d) , the **planets** (e) and the **solar system** (f) . I understood none of it, and I was far more interested in the braided livery of a **delivery boy** (86) who went by, and in the pretty **fans** (87) beside me, next to the **purses** (88) and the **wallets** (89) .","t16-16-1":"16. — I also admired on the counter some **feathers** (90) and **belt buckles** (91) , and the pretty **artificial flowers** (94) gracefully arranged in baskets. The **violets**, **wallflowers**, **hyacinths** (95) , **geraniums** (96) , **lilies** (97) and **nasturtiums** (98) were very well imitated.","t16-tit-6":"Grandfather’s present.","t16-17-1":"17. — I asked my grandfather to buy me one of the **toothbrushes** (92) in a box beside the **hairpins** (93) . He agreed, and I went myself to pay for my purchase at the cash desk, beside which a large **parcel** (100) was being made up for a **customer** (99) .","t16-18-1":"18. — Suddenly there was a slight commotion among the people standing near the artistic **bronzes** (101) . A **thief** (102) had just been caught in the act by a **store detective** (103) while trying to rob someone. A policeman was sent for to **arrest** him, and just as we were leaving, the culprit was being led off to the police station."}